Pesticides Burden in Neotropical Rivers: Costa Rica as a Case Study

Abstract

Neotropical ecosystems are highly biodiverse; however, the excessive use of pesticides has polluted freshwaters, with deleterious effects on aquatic biota. This study aims to analyze concentrations of active ingredients (a.i) of pesticides and the risks posed to freshwater Neotropical ecosystems. We compiled information from 1036 superficial water samples taken in Costa Rica between 2009 and 2019. We calculated the detection frequency for 85 a.i. and compared the concentrations with international regulations. The most frequently detected pesticides were diuron, ametryn, pyrimethanil, flutolanil, diazinon, azoxystrobin, buprofezin, and epoxiconazole, with presence in >20% of the samples. We observed 32 pesticides with concentrations that exceeded international regulations, and the ecological risk to aquatic biota (assessed using the multi-substance potentially affected fraction model (msPAF)) revealed that 5% and 13% of the samples from Costa Rica pose a high or moderate acute risk, especially to primary producers and arthropods. Other Neotropical countries are experiencing the same trend with high loads of pesticides and consequent high risk to aquatic ecosystems. This information is highly valuable for authorities dealing with prospective and retrospective risk assessments for regulatory decisions in tropical countries. At the same time, this study highlights the need for systematic pesticide residue monitoring of fresh waters in the Neotropical region.

Ecological Integrity Impairment and Habitat Fragmentation for Neotropical Macroinvertebrate Communities in an Agricultural Stream

“…The Neotropical region has the particularity of maintaining optimal temperature conditions for crops throughout the year [ 13 ]; therefore, agriculturally related stress factors are permanent, with no resting or recovery periods for the streams. Multiple authors have provided evidence of high risk for invertebrates and primary producers derived from pesticides detected in tropical agricultural watersheds [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Moreover, these stressors coexist with other Neotropical conditions such as high variation in rainfall due to climate change (especially in Central America), which might affect seasonal patterns of biota or even produce mortality in heavy drought or flood events [ 21 ].…”