Pesticide Toxicity to Fishes: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies

Stanley, J.; Preetha, G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7752-0_7

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 297 publications

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“…One of the known adverse effects of pesticides during chronic exposures is in reducing weight of fish (Stanley & Preetha, 2016). Even though the aim of exposure was not to evaluate weight gain during 14 days of the fish trial, we have to emphasize that fish exposed to insecticide experienced reduced average body mass by approximately 20% compared to the control group after a recovery period.…”

Section: Effects Of Azadirachtin On Nile Tilapiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Botanical and microbial insecticides application in aquaponics - is there a risk for biofilter bacteria and fish?

et al. 2022

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Aquaponics is a food production system that combines aquaculture with hydroponics. The simultaneous existence of fish, beneficial bacteria and plants in the same water loop predisposes the fish and bacteria to a possible detrimental effect of plant protection products. Additionally, there is an inadequate exploration of scientific studies on the impact of pesticides on fish and bacteria in aquaponics systems. This study investigated the effects of three commercial insecticides based on the following active ingredients: pyrethrum, azadirachtin, and spinosad, on aquaponics systems. Due to ethical concerns in animal testing, applying insecticides directly to aquaponics setup was impossible. Therefore, three separate experiments were conducted: (1) Pesticide runoff rate – in which insecticides were applied to basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants grown in two hydroponic systems: media bed and floating raft. The concentrations of applied insecticides were measured in the water of nutrient solutions of the hydroponics after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96h to establish a pattern of degradation of insecticides. The result from this experiment showed that pyrethrum and spinosad were detected in unquantifiable concentrations in the nutrient solutions. Hence, further experiments were conducted only with azadirachtin. In a biofilter trial (2) – azadirachtin, at three concentrations (1.5 µg L-1; 7.5 µg L-1; and 15 µg L-1), was added to a running biofilter to investigate the effects on nitrifying bacteria. Mild effects were recorded in the nitrification and bacteria microbiome. In the third trial (3) – Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to similar concentrations of azadirachtin for seven days (and the same period for recovery) to investigate effects on fish hematology, blood biochemistry, antioxidative enzymes in the brain, gills, muscle, liver and intestine and histopathology of gills and liver. Results showed mild effects in hematology and biochemistry profile in fish and higher levels of lipid peroxidation in the liver during the exposure. The results indicate a safe use of pyrethrum and spinosad in aquaponics setup, while azadirachtin has to be used with care, especially in coupled aquaponics systems.

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Section: Effects Of Azadirachtin On Nile Tilapiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Botanical and microbial insecticides application in aquaponics - is there a risk for biofilter bacteria and fish?

et al. 2022

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“…However, the toxicity of glyphosate is potentiated through its formulation with surfactants to facilitate penetration into the weeds. Thus, non-target organisms such as fish may be inadvertently exposed to these glyphosate formulations when applied on land and washed off into nearby surface waters via run-off or spray drift [7] eliciting acute and chronic biological effects to aquatic life [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxic, biochemical and histological biomarkers of subacute concentrations of paraquat and glyphosate in Nile Tilapia

Aribisala

Sogbanmu

Kemabonta

2022

Environ Anal Health Toxicol

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The use of herbicides for increased food production may pose risk to non-target organisms. This study evaluated the acute toxicity, genotoxic, biochemical, and histological biomarkers of subacute concentrations of paraquat and glyphosate in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) for 28 days following standard methods. Glyphosate (96 hLC50 value-1.23 mg/L) was 9x more toxic than paraquat (96 hLC50 value-11.20 mg/L) against O. niloticus. Average micronucleated cells were significantly higher in the erythrocytes of O. niloticus exposed to the higher (1.12 mg/L) concentration of paraquat at day 14, both subacute concentrations of paraquat at day 28, and lower concentration (0.01 mg/L) of glyphosate at days 14 and 28 compared to the other treatments and controls. Biochemical biomarkers (MDA and GST) activities were significantly higher at both subacute concentrations of the herbicides in the exposed fish compared to the controls at day 28 only. GSH activity was significantly higher in the 0.11 mg/L paraquat concentration while SOD activity was significantly lower at both subacute concentrations of glyphosate in exposed fish compared to controls at day 28. Histological alterations observed were mild to severe shortening of the gill primary lamellar and hepatic portal inflammation of exposed fish compared to the controls. This study demonstrates the risk to non-target organisms due to herbicides’ run-off from agricultural farmlands into aquatic ecosystems at environmentally relevant or subacute concentrations. Sensitization on the responsible use of pesticides is recommended to promote responsible consumption and production and sustain life below water (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 12 and 14 respectively).

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“…Fish species are at a higher nutritional level in the aquatic food chain and thus are continuously exposed throughout their lifetimes to contamination by contact, respiration, and contaminated dietary intake. Because of the bioaccumulation of pesticides, some fat-soluble pesticides are readily absorbed in living tissues and thus accumulate and amplify at higher concentrations along the aquatic food chain, especially in the fatty tissues of animals . Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which were banned in 2001 because they are semivolatile, highly toxic, chemically stable, and persistent, have nonetheless been persistent in the environment and have recently been detected in fish from multiple countries, even in Antarctica .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fish contain various essential nutrients, which occupy an important position in the daily diet of individuals in many countries. 1 However, recent studies have detected the presence of pesticide residues in fish. 2 Pesticides can enter the aquatic ecosystem by drift, wash-off, and drainage from agroecosystems.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the bioaccumulation of pesticides, some fat-soluble pesticides are readily absorbed in living tissues and thus accumulate and amplify at higher concentrations along the aquatic food chain, especially in the fatty tissues of animals. 1 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which were banned in 2001 because they are semivolatile, highly toxic, chemically stable, and persistent, have nonetheless been persistent in the environment and have recently been detected in fish from multiple countries, even in Antarctica. 3 Moreover, four different pesticides, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and furathiocarb, were detected in more than 30% of Prochilodus costatus fish in the Sao Francisco River, Brazil.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Integrated Strategy for Purification by Combining Solid-Phase Extraction with Dispersive-Solid-Phase Extraction for Detecting 22 Pesticides and Metabolite Residues in Fish

Guo

Jie

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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A robust isotope-labeled internal standard method was established for the detection of 22 pesticides and metabolite residues in four kinds of fish; two were from freshwater fish, and two were from marine fish. Pesticides with wide application possibilities in rice in China, strong leaching to water, or high bioconcentration factors (BCF) in fish were selected. The samples were extracted with 1% acetic acid−99% acetonitrile. The extracts were first purified by solid-phase extraction (PEP-plus), cleaned with dispersive-solid-phase extraction (PSA and C18), and finally analyzed by liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that good linearities for the target compounds were observed in the range of 0.1−100 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of each compound was greater than 0.99. The recoveries of the method were within 70−120% with RSDs <20% at three different spiked concentration levels (0.5, 5, and 100 ng/g). The quantitative limit of the method was 0.5− 5 ng/g. The method is shown to be sensitive and accurate and can meet the demands for the quantitative analysis of pesticides in fish.

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Pesticide Toxicity to Fishes: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies

Cited by 10 publications

References 297 publications

Botanical and microbial insecticides application in aquaponics - is there a risk for biofilter bacteria and fish?

Botanical and microbial insecticides application in aquaponics - is there a risk for biofilter bacteria and fish?

Genotoxic, biochemical and histological biomarkers of subacute concentrations of paraquat and glyphosate in Nile Tilapia

An Integrated Strategy for Purification by Combining Solid-Phase Extraction with Dispersive-Solid-Phase Extraction for Detecting 22 Pesticides and Metabolite Residues in Fish

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