Pesticide Risks in Small Streams—How to Get as Close as Possible to the Stress Imposed on Aquatic Organisms

Spycher, Simon; Mangold, Simon; Doppler, Tobias; Junghans, Marion; Wittmer, Irene; Stamm, Christian; Singer, Heinz

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00077

Cited by 105 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Main drivers of the chronic mixture toxicity for the aquatic flora were again different herbicides as well as fungicides, the preservative triclosan and the antibiotics clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole. This is consistent with previous studies, which also found high pesticide risks particularly caused by herbicides, which were frequently detected in surface waters across Europe [35,[38][39][40][41][42][43].…”

Section: Drivers Of Mixture Toxicitysupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Peak RQs, mainly for RQ mix,1000 , were detected both during rainy and dry weather conditions. As expected, high RQ mix,acute and RQ mix,1000 were observed after rain events (early June and November) due to pesticide run-off, which is in agreement with previous studies [40,51]. However, high RQ mix,acute and RQ mix,1000 were also detected during dry periods (e.g.…”

Section: Seasonal and Spatial Variationsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Acute mixture risks (SUM TU ≥ 0.01) were predicted for 6 of 12 sampling events in the Swist, which were distributed over the entire sampling period. As grab samplings only capture a "snapshot" [55] of pesticide concentrations at the time of sampling likely underestimating the actual pesticide exposure [40,56,57], a continuing toxic pressure leading to limited recovery times can be expected in the Swist. This observation agrees with previous findings of a continuous pressure on aquatic organisms due to pesticide contaminations [56,58].…”

Section: Seasonal and Spatial Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mixture toxicity in the Erft River: assessment of ecological risks and toxicity drivers

et al. 2020

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Background: A vast number of chemical substances are released into the aquatic environment, leading to complex chemical mixtures in surface waters. Current water quality assessments, however, are based on the risk assessment of single substances. To consider potential mixture effects in water quality assessments, the North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection (LANUV), Germany started a project assessing mixture toxicity in surface waters. This article summarises the mixture evaluation of chemical data collected by the Erftverband during a water sampling campaign in the Erft River in 2016/2017. Altogether, 153 substances were included in the analysis, of which 98 were detected. Two different approaches based on the concept of concentration addition were used to analyse the data. The results were compared to findings based on datasets from LANUV surveillance monitoring according to the EU Water Framework Directive. Results: Acute and chronic mixture risk calculations indicated risks for 32% and up to 90% of the samples, respectively. The greatest acute toxic pressure was identified for the aquatic flora due to continuous exposure to varying pesticides, whereas the greatest chronic mixture risk was identified for fish as result of a ubiquitous presence of the pharmaceuticals diclofenac and ibuprofen. Overall, only a limited number of substances significantly contributed to the calculated mixture risks. However, these substances varied seasonally and regionally. When mixture risks were calculated based on different datasets, the monitoring design markedly affected the outcome of the mixture risk assessment. Data gaps of both ecotoxicological and exposure data lead to high uncertainties in the mixture risk assessment. Conclusions: Ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms caused by chemical mixtures can be expected along the Erft River throughout the year. Both mixture risk assessment approaches can be used for a conservative assessment of mixture risks and characterise the aquatic pollution in the river more realistically than single substance assessments. For the integration of mixture risk evaluations into the assessment and management of the chemical water quality, a two-staged assessment combining both approaches is suggested. To improve future risk assessments, the accessibility and exchange of high-quality ecotoxicological data should be enhanced.

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Section: Drivers Of Mixture Toxicitysupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Seasonal and Spatial Variationsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Seasonal and Spatial Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mixture toxicity in the Erft River: assessment of ecological risks and toxicity drivers

et al. 2020

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“…Additionally, MCPA is often sold in a mixture with other pesticides (see Table S1; Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine [DAFM], 2017; Health and Safety Executive [HSE], 2017) and is likely to mix with other pesticides if it runs off into waterbodies or percolates through to groundwater. There is a paucity of data on toxicity effects of pesticide mixtures to any organisms (McKnight, Rasmussen, Kronvang, Binning, & Bjerg, 2015) although this is an increasing field of research (e.g., Gustavsson, Kreuger, Bundschuh, & Backhaus, 2017;Schreiner et al, 2016;Spycher et al, 2018).…”

Section: Eco-and Human Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the pesticide MCPA in the land‐water environment and emerging research needs

et al. 2019

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Due to its high solubility and poor adsorption to the soil matrix, the post‐emergence herbicide 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is susceptible to transport into surface and groundwater bodies, where it can result in compromised water quality and breaches of legislative standards. However, there is still poor understanding of catchment scale dynamics and transport, particularly across heterogeneous hydrogeological settings. While it is known that MCPA degrades under aerobic conditions, negligible breakdown can occur in anaerobic environments, potentially creating a legacy in saturated soils. Fast runoff pathways post application are likely transport routes, but the relative contribution from the mobilization of legacy MCPA from anaerobic zones has yet to be quantified, making the delineation of MCPA sources encountered during monitoring programs challenging. While ecotoxicological effects have been examined, little is known about the interaction of MCPA (and its degradation products) with other pesticides, with nutrients or with colloids, and how this combines with environmental conditions to contribute to multiple stressor effects. We examine the state of MCPA knowledge, using case study examples from Ireland, and consider the implications of its widespread detection in waterbodies and drinking water supplies. Research themes required to ensure the sustainable and safe use of MCPA in an evolving agricultural, social and political landscape are identified here. These include the need to identify mitigation measures and/or alternative treatments, to gain insights into the conditions governing mobilization and attenuation, to map pathways of migration and to identify direct, synergistic and antagonistic ecotoxicological effects. This article is categorized under: Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems Science of Water > Water Quality

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“…annual average environmental quality standard). According to Spycher et al [32], "moving averages" of four 3.5-day composite samples were formed by averaging the concentrations of equal time windows after the initial formed average of the first four samples. In this way, the effect of different 14-day time intervals was investigated.…”

Section: Ecotoxicological Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Picogram per liter quantification of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in surface waters: a result of large enrichment with liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

et al. 2019

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Pesticide Risks in Small Streams—How to Get as Close as Possible to the Stress Imposed on Aquatic Organisms

Cited by 105 publications

References 34 publications

Mixture toxicity in the Erft River: assessment of ecological risks and toxicity drivers

Mixture toxicity in the Erft River: assessment of ecological risks and toxicity drivers

A review of the pesticide MCPA in the land‐water environment and emerging research needs

Picogram per liter quantification of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in surface waters: a result of large enrichment with liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

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