Pesticide residues in individual versus composite samples of apples after fine or coarse spray quality application

Comparison between standard and drift reducing nozzles for pesticide application in citrus: Part II. Effects on canopy spray distribution, control efficacy of Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), beneficial parasitoids and pesticide residues on fruit

“…Additionally, in the present study, no effect of nozzles on residue levels of chlorpyrifos-methyl and pyriproxyfen on fruit at harvest was found in clementine trials, as Doruchowski et al (2011) and Poulsen et al (2012) found with fungicides applied to apple trees. In the orange trial (Trial 3), DRN showed significantly higher residue level of chlorpyrifos-methyl than STN.…”

Integrated pest management of “Golden Delicious” apples

“…Gas chromatograph can be coupled with electron-capture detector (ECD) (Bakirci et al 2014;Han et al 2014;Szpyrka and Walorczyk 2013;Štěpánet al 2004), nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) (Szpyrka and Walorczyk 2013;Štěpánet al 2004), mass spectrometer (MS) (Abdulra'uf and Tan2013; Bakirci et al 2014;Kwon et al 2012;Štěpánet al 2004;Ticha et al 2008), time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) (Cervera et al 2012) or tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) (Camino-Sánchez et al 2011;Poulsen et al 2012;Walorczyk 2012). Liquid chromatography can be coupled with UV detection (Prasad et al 2013), photodiode array detection (DAD) (Malhat et al 2013;Song et al 2013), mass spectrometry (Lacassie et al 1999) or MS/MS (Bakirci et al 2014;Kwon et al 2012;Poulsen et al 2012;Sinha et al 2012;Ticha et al 2008;Zrostlíkováet al 2002). Mass spectrometry is the only one giving unequivocal identification and tandem mass spectrometry means a further step providing greater sensitivity.…”

“…Mainly there are 3 approaches for extraction and cleanup: (i) The first one is liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (Štěpánet al 2004;Ticha et al 2008), acetone (Szpyrka and Walorczyk 2013), acetonitrile (Prasad et al 2013;Ticha et al 2008), a mixture of acetone-dichloromethanehexane (50:20:30, v/v/v) (Lacassie et al 1999) or a mixture of methanol-water (1:1, v/v) (Sanagi et al 2013). The extraction is usually followed by cleanup using solid phase extraction cartridges (SPE) packed with florisil (Szpyrka et al 2013) or C 18 (Sanagi et al 2013) or using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Štěpánet al 2004;Ticha et al 2008;Zrostlíková et al 2002); (ii) The second approach is the QuEChERS method (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe method) which includes extraction with small volumes of acetonitrile and dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) cleanup with primary secondary amine (PSA) (Bakirci et al 2014;Camino-Sánchez et al 2011;Cervera et al 2012;Han et al 2014;Kwon et al 2012;Malhat et al 2013;Poulsen et al 2012;Sinha et al 2012;Walorczyk 2012), graphitized carbon black (GCB) (Kwon et al 2012;Malhat et al 2013) and/or C 18 (Kwon et al 2012); (iii) The third approach is solid phase microextraction (SPME), where extraction and cleanup are performed at the same time (Abdulra'uf and Tan 2013; Song et al 2013). The final step, determination, can be performed by gas chromatography (GC) or by liquid chromatography (LC).…”

UV-visible degradation of boscalid - structural characterization of photoproducts and potential toxicity usingin silicotests

“…It was first synthesized in 2003 and introduced onto the market by BASF in 2008 . It is mainly used for vineyard protection as well as for tomato, apple, blueberry and various ornamental cultivations . This pesticide has different biological activities against different stages of fungal development; it inhibits spore germination and especially germ tubes extension.…”