Pesticide poisoning in the developing world—a minimum pesticides list

Eddleston, Michael; Karalliedde, Lakshman; Buckley, Nicholas A.; Fernando, Ravindra; Hutchinson, Gerard; Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Konradsen, Flemming; Murray, Douglas L.; Piola, Juan Carlos; Senanayake, Nimal; Sheriff, Rezvi; Singh, Surjit; Siwach, Sunita; Smit, Lidwien A M

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11204-9

Cited by 387 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Este índice pode ser considerado intermediário, se comparado a índices de 65% a 75% em países em desenvolvimento (3) e 20% a 36% em países desenvolvidos (10) . A classificação global da gravidade dos casos aponta para um número expressivo de casos moderados ou graves -44,5% do total, acima de dados internacionais, e para alta utilização de leitos hospitalares de alta complexidade, em terapia intensiva, observada em 134 casos -25,6% do total de casos do período, com alto impacto para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (1) . A taxa de mortalidade encontrada em nosso estudo (3,8%) é similar a encontrada em países em desenvolvimento (2) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Atualmente, centenas de ingredientes ativos e milhares de formulações estão disponíveis no mercado mundial, onde existe uma fabricação de, aproximadamente, 115 milhões de toneladas de inseticidas anualmente (1) . Devido à estrutura química destes produtos e sua atividade biológica na natureza, estes compostos têm apresentado risco potencial para humanos e para o meio ambiente.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Gravidade das intoxicações por inseticidas inibidores das colinesterases no noroeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Oliveira

Buriola

2009

Rev. Gaúcha Enferm.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Gravidade das intoxicações por inseticidas inibidores das colinesterases no noroeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Oliveira

Buriola

2009

Rev. Gaúcha Enferm.

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“…Organophosphorus compounds (OP) have been used as insecticides for pest control [1] and as chemical weapons (tabun, sarin, VX) in military conflicts and in terrorist attacks [2;3]. The main mechanism of action of OP is a progressive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by phosphylation (denotes phosphorylation and phosphonylation) of its catalytic serine hydroxyl group leading to an inactive enzyme species [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic analysis of interactions between alkylene-linked bis-pyridiniumaldoximes and human acetylcholinesterases inhibited by various organophosphorus compounds

Wille

Ekström

Lee

et al. 2010

Biochemical Pharmacology

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The therapeutic approach of organophosphorus compound (OP) intoxications is to reactivate the inhibited enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Numerous studies demonstrated a limited efficacy of standard oxime-based reactivators against different nerve agents such as tabun and cyclosarin. This emphasizes research for more effective oximes. In the present study, reactivation kinetics of tabun-, sarin-, cyclosarin-, VX-or paraoxon-ethyl-inhibited human AChE (hAChE) with a homologous series of bis-ortho-pyridiniumaldoximes, Ortho-4 -Ortho-9, was investigated with a robot-assisted setting, allowing determination of second-order reactivation rate constants as well as model calculations. The reactivation constants of Ortho-4 -Ortho-9 resulted in marked differences of affinity and reactivity depending on the OP structure and the linker length of the oximes. In general, the K D values decreased with increasing linker length.Reactivity increased from Ortho-4 to Ortho-6 for PXE-and VX-inhibited hAChE and from Ortho-4 to Ortho-7 for GA-inhibited hAChE and decreased again with Ortho-8 and Ortho-9. In contrast, k r decreased with increasing linker length for sarin-and cyclosarin-inhibited hAChE. In view of the pronounced decrease of K D from Ortho-4 to Ortho-9, the k r2 values increased with all tested OP. Hence, the ratios of K I / K D and of K I / k r2 showed that in almost all cases the affinity of Ortho-N to the native hAChE was higher than to OP-inhibited enzyme. Model calculations indicated that Ortho-6 -Ortho-9 could be superior to obidoxime in reactivating tabun-inhibited hAChE. Finally, these data emphasize the need to develop oximes with a higher selective affinity towards OP-inhibited hAChE in order to minimize possible side effects.

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“…Since pesticides are known to cause several human health problems, which range from short-term sickness such as headaches to chronic diseases like cancer and endocrine disruption, pesticide residues in food products must be closely monitored and strictly controlled (Fong et al, 1999;Eddleston et al, 2002;Saieva et al, 2004). In order to ensure the safety of consumable food products and supervise international trade, governmental authorities of each country and international organizations have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) to regulate pesticide concentration in food products (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2005; European Union On-line, 2005;Korea Food and Drug Administration, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiresidue analysis of 47 pesticides in cooked wheat flour and polished rice by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Lee

Park

Kim

et al. 2008

Biomedical Chromatography

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Liquid chromatography in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry was used to directly quantify of 47 pesticide residues from cooked wheat flour and polished rice, which are the most widely consumed cereals in the Republic of Korea. The sample clean-up was carried out according to the method established by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The mobile phase for liquid chromatograpy separation consisted of water and 5 mM methanolic ammonium formate. Tandem mass spectroscopy experiments were performed in electrospray ionization positive mode and the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The matrix effects estimated for the 47 pesticides had a mean value of 99% and ranged from 45 to 147%. High recoveries (70-140%) and relative standard deviations (£20%) were achieved for most of the pesticides tested. The method used in this study allowed for rapid quantification and identification of low levels of pesticides in cooked wheat flour and polished rice samples. Of the screened pesticide residues, only tricyclazole and fenobucarb were found in polished rice samples. However, no samples contained residues above the MRL established by the Korea Food and Drug Administration.

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Pesticide poisoning in the developing world—a minimum pesticides list

Cited by 387 publications

References 13 publications

Gravidade das intoxicações por inseticidas inibidores das colinesterases no noroeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Gravidade das intoxicações por inseticidas inibidores das colinesterases no noroeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Kinetic analysis of interactions between alkylene-linked bis-pyridiniumaldoximes and human acetylcholinesterases inhibited by various organophosphorus compounds

Multiresidue analysis of 47 pesticides in cooked wheat flour and polished rice by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

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