Peste des petits ruminants Virus Transmission Scaling and Husbandry Practices That Contribute to Increased Transmission Risk: An Investigation among Sheep, Goats, and Cattle in Northern Tanzania

Herzog, Catherine M.; Glanville, William A. de; Willett, Brian J.; Cattadori, Isabella M.; Kapur, Vivek; Hudson, Peter J.; Buza, Joram; Swai, Emmanuel S.; Cleaveland, Sarah; Bjørnstad, Ottar N.

doi:10.3390/v12090930

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…During the dry season, the pastoral communities in Uganda tend to move animals over long distances within and sometimes outside the national borders in search for pastures and water for their livestock. This husbandry practice increases chances of infected and naïve flocks interacting hence potentially facilitating PPRV transmission and increasing the number of outbreaks (Herzog et al., 2020). Additionally, the likelihood of animal nose‐to‐nose contact and therefore PPRV transmission especially at communal watering points increases during the dry season (VanderWaal et al., 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio‐temporal cluster analysis and transmission drivers for Peste des Petits Ruminants in Uganda

Nkamwesiga

Korennoy

Lumu

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary, highly contagious, and fatal disease of small ruminants. PPR causes global annual economic losses of between USD 1.5-2.0 billion across more than 70 affected countries. Despite the commercial availability of effective PPR vaccines, lack of financial and technical commitment to PPR control coupled with a dearth of refined PPR risk profiling data in different endemic countries has perpetuated PPR virus transmission. In Uganda, over the past five years, PPR has extended from north-eastern Uganda (Karamoja) with sporadic incursions in other districts /regions. To identify disease cluster hotspot trends that would facilitate the design and implementation of PPR risk-based control methods (including vaccination), we employed the space-time cube approach to identify trends in the clustering of outbreaks in neighbouring space-time cells using confirmed PPR outbreak report data (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020). We also used negative binomial and logistic regression models and identified high small ruminant density, extended road length, low annual precipitation and high soil water index as the most important drivers of PPR in Uganda. The study identified (with 90 -99% confidence) five PPR disease hotspot trend categories across subregions of Uganda. Diminishing hotspots were identified in the Karamoja region whereas consecutive, sporadic, new, and emerging hotspots were identified in central and southwestern districts of Uganda. Inter-district and cross-border small ruminant movement facilitated by longer road stretches and animal comingling precipitate PPR outbreaks as well as PPR virus spread from its initial Karamoja focus to the central and south-western Uganda. There is therefore urgent need to prioritize considerable vaccination coverage to obtain the required herd immunity among small ruminants in the new hotspot areas to block transmission to further emerging hotspots. Findings of this study provide a basis for more robust timing and prioritization of control measures including vaccination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio‐temporal cluster analysis and transmission drivers for Peste des Petits Ruminants in Uganda

Nkamwesiga

Korennoy

Lumu

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…The risk factors for PPRV infection were investigated by eight of the eligible studies, using questionnaires and sero-prevalence data. The risk factors identified as major contributors to PPR occurrence in Tanzania included communal grazing and housing (14,42,55,56); the practice of selling sick animals at cheap prices and bought by livestock keepers for slaughtering in other villages (14); the mixing of infected with healthy animals in markets; and poor access to veterinary services (14).…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

et al. 2020

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with high mortality. The disease is of considerable economic importance in countries such as Tanzania, where small ruminant products are important for sustainable livelihoods. This review assesses current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of PPRV in Tanzania, highlighting the challenges with respect to control and suggesting possible interventions. Thirty-three articles were identified after literature searches using Google Scholar and PubMed. Studies revealed that PPRV is endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, although seropositivity has also been reported in cattle, camels, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest and impala, but with no clinical manifestation. Three lineages (lineage II to IV) of PPRV have been identified in Tanzania, implying at least two separate introductions of the virus. Diagnosis of PPR in Tanzania is mostly by observation of clinical signs and lesions at post mortem. Risk factors in Tanzania include age, sex, species, and close contact of animals from different farms/localities. Although there is an efficacious vaccine available for PPR, poor disease surveillance, low vaccine coverage, and uncontrolled animal movements have been the bane of control efforts for PPR in Tanzania. There is need for collaborative efforts to develop interventions to control and eradicate the disease. The establishment of a national reference laboratory for PPR, conduct of surveillance, the development of high-quality DIVA vaccines, as well as execution of a carefully planned national vaccination campaign may be key to the control and subsequent eradication of PPR in Tanzania and achieving the global goal of eradicating PPR by 2030.

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“…Recently, GIS spatial analysis has been widely used in the risk analysis of animal diseases, such as African swine fever, bluetongue, bird flu, and foot and mouth disease, to reveal the relationship and spatial pattern of disease transmission (Andraud et al., 2021; Malesios et al., 2020; Ozdenerol, 2015; Sham et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). However, although many efforts have been made to explore and analyse PPR outbreaks, few studies have reported PPR outbreaks using spatial analysis (Balamurugan et al., 2021; Herzog et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2021; Ruget et al., 2019). In China, only two papers have analysed PPR outbreaks using spatial analysis (Gao et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2019b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal characteristics analysis and potential distribution prediction of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in China from 2007–2018

Niu

Liang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly infectious disease that mainly infects small ruminants. To date, PPR has been confirmed in more than 70 countries. In China, PPR has occurred in more than 20 provinces and cities. In this study, based on geographic information system (GIS), spatial analysis was used to examine the occurrence of PPR in China from 2007 to 2018. The results showed that PPR first occurred in Tibet and gradually spread to other provinces. The outbreaks of PPR were concentrated in 2014, 2015 and 2018. Combining climate factors with the maximum entropy (MaxEnt), the results also suggested that the potential risk areas of PPR outbreaks in China were mainly Jiangsu, Yunnan and Anhui in Southeast China. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was used to analyse the evolutionary relationship between the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in China and the global ones, and it was found that the one in China had a close genetic relationship with the one in Mongolia, India and Bangladesh. Understanding and forecasting the distribution of PPR in China will help policymakers develop targeted monitoring plans. Likewise, analysing the global PPRV epidemic trends will play an important role in the elimination and prevention of PPR.

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Peste des petits ruminants Virus Transmission Scaling and Husbandry Practices That Contribute to Increased Transmission Risk: An Investigation among Sheep, Goats, and Cattle in Northern Tanzania

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Spatio‐temporal cluster analysis and transmission drivers for Peste des Petits Ruminants in Uganda

Spatio‐temporal cluster analysis and transmission drivers for Peste des Petits Ruminants in Uganda

A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

Spatiotemporal characteristics analysis and potential distribution prediction of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in China from 2007–2018

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