Peste des petits ruminants in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts

Abstract

Since its first report in 1942, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) has caused several epidemics in a wide range of susceptible hosts around the world. In the last 30 years, the evidence of natural and experimental infections and virus isolation were reported from novel but unusual hosts such as camel, cattle, buffalo, dogs, Asiatic lion and pigs. In addition, PPRV in a potential vector, biting midges (Culicoides imicola), has been reported. Either presented as clinical and/or subclinical infections, the presence of the virus in an extended range of susceptible hosts highlights the cross-species transmission and supports the hypothesis of an endemic circulation of PPRV among susceptible hosts. However, the potential role of large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts for PPRV epidemiology is still obscure. Therefore, there is a need for molecular and epidemiological investigations of the disease among usual and unusual hosts to achieve the goals of disease control and eradication programmes initiated by national and international organisations, such as the FAO and OIE. This review is the first to summarise the scattered data on PPR in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts to obtain the global scientific communities' attention for further research on epidemiological aspects, not only in its native hosts, but also in large ruminants, camels and other unusual hosts.

Sentinel surveillance of selected veterinary and public health pathogens in camel population originating from Southern Punjab province, Pakistan

“…The virus generally causes infection in small ruminants worldwide (Al-Majali et al, 2008;Megersa et al, 2011;Intisar et al, 2017); however, it also has the propensity to cause infection in wild ungulates (Aziz-ul-Rahman et al, 2018, Rahman, 2019 and other unusual hosts such as buffalo, cattle (Balamurugan et al, 2014) and camels (Omani et al, 2019). Indeed, there exists a controversy regarding clinical infection of PPRV in camels (Ul-Rahman et al, 2020). A few studies have reported an occurrence of natural clinical infection with a mortality ranging from 60%−90% (Khalafalla et al, 2010: Saeed et al, 2015, whereas another study claimed an absolute lack of clinical infection upon experimental exposure .…”

Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination

“…Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary disease caused by the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) [1][2][3]. PPRV belongs to the morbillivirus genus, Paramyxoviridae family [4] and has been renamed as small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in 2016 [5].…”

“…However, in the recent-past PPRV has been reported to infect not only goats and sheep, but also camels [13], cattle [14], water buffalo [15,16], and wildlife species, including African buffalo [17,18], saiga antelope [19,20], dorcas gazelles [19,21], gemsbok [22], Nubian ibex [23], and some other wild ungulate species [19,20]. Reports of PPRV detection in Asiatic lions [24] and dogs [3,25] may reflect contamination of their food with infected ruminants, but their competence as hosts has not been established [13,[26][27][28][29]. Goats and sheep are the main hosts for PPRV and play a major role in its transmission and global epidemiology.…”

A New Look at Vaccine Strategies Against PPRV Focused on Adenoviral Candidates

“…It is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and affects mainly small domestic ruminants (sheep and goats) as well as camels, with serious economic loss especially in many countries of Africa and Asia (1,2). Wild ruminants, such as gazelles, deer, roe deer, antelope can also be affected (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), which consequently poses a further risk for the control and surveillance in vaccination programs.…”