Peste des Petits Ruminants: Aetiology, Pathology, Immunology, Disease Status in Africa, Diagnosis, Control, Prevention and Treatment: A Review

Ugochukwu, Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna; Ezeasor, Chukwunonso Kenechukwu; Agina, Onyinyechukwu Ada; Anyogu, Davinson Chuka; Chukwudi, Ijeoma Chekwube; Idoko, Idoko Sunday; Ugochukwu, Emmanuel Ikenna

doi:10.15835/nsb11110355

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…PPR mortality rates in affected small ruminant populations may reach 100% whereas rates may be 20% or less in endemic areas (Abu Elzein et al, 1990;Roeder and Obi, 1999). Clinically, PPR is characterized by pyrexia, ulcerative stomatitis; catarrhal inflammation of the ocular and nasal mucosae, bronchopneumonia, and diarrhoea and in many cases could lead to death (Brown et al, 1991;Odombi et al, 2011;Balamurugan et al, 2014;Ugochukwu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Serological Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are limitations of the contribution of small ruminants to household economies and livelihood in 3 rd world countries due to factors such as infectious diseases, such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR), poor nutrition and marketing systems (Mbyuzi et al, 2014). This disease PPR is a disease of economic and veterinary importance leading to considerable economic losses (Ugochukwu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Clinicopathological Evaluations of the Efficacy of Incorporation of Amantadine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of West African Dwarf Goats Experimentally Infected with Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

et al. 2019

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Peste des petits ruminants poses a major threat to the development of small ruminant production. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative efficacy of amantadine hydrochloride (HCl), oxytetracycline long acting (LA) and levamisole in West African dwarf (WAD) goats experimentally infected with PPR. In addition to the presence of the characteristic clinical signs, complement ELISA and haem agglutination inhibition (HI) tests were used to confirm PPR infection in the West African dwarf goats, then treatment was instituted in the different groups namely, group 1 which was treated with amantadine HCl orally, oxytetracycline LA intramuscularly (IM) and levamisole per os. Group 2 was treated with oxytetracycline LA IM and levamisole. Group 3 was treated with levamisole while group 4 served as untreated control. The physiological parameters namely rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rates of the different groups were recorded. The mortality rates in the different treatment groups were also recorded. The respiratory rates of the WAD goats increased as the infection progressed, but the increase was not significant (P>0.05). The treatment helped reduce the respiratory rates in the treated WAD. The rectal temperatures of all the animals in the different treatment groups increased only slightly as the infection progressed and was not significant (P>0.05). The percentage mortalities were 0% in Group 1, 25% in the Group 2, 50% in the treated group 3 and highest (75%) in the untreated group respectively. In conclusion, incorporation of specific antiviral agents like amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment regimen with oxytetracycline and levamisole particularly during the early stages of the infection can reduce morbidity and mortality of the disease to the barest minimum.

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Section: Serological Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Clinicopathological Evaluations of the Efficacy of Incorporation of Amantadine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of West African Dwarf Goats Experimentally Infected with Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

et al. 2019

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“…PPR has also been associated with a high rate of abortion in infected goats (4). Consequently, PPR is a major constraint to small ruminant production in Africa (5,6) and is thus of high economic importance, especially in areas with a high reliance on small ruminant products (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

et al. 2020

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with high mortality. The disease is of considerable economic importance in countries such as Tanzania, where small ruminant products are important for sustainable livelihoods. This review assesses current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of PPRV in Tanzania, highlighting the challenges with respect to control and suggesting possible interventions. Thirty-three articles were identified after literature searches using Google Scholar and PubMed. Studies revealed that PPRV is endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, although seropositivity has also been reported in cattle, camels, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest and impala, but with no clinical manifestation. Three lineages (lineage II to IV) of PPRV have been identified in Tanzania, implying at least two separate introductions of the virus. Diagnosis of PPR in Tanzania is mostly by observation of clinical signs and lesions at post mortem. Risk factors in Tanzania include age, sex, species, and close contact of animals from different farms/localities. Although there is an efficacious vaccine available for PPR, poor disease surveillance, low vaccine coverage, and uncontrolled animal movements have been the bane of control efforts for PPR in Tanzania. There is need for collaborative efforts to develop interventions to control and eradicate the disease. The establishment of a national reference laboratory for PPR, conduct of surveillance, the development of high-quality DIVA vaccines, as well as execution of a carefully planned national vaccination campaign may be key to the control and subsequent eradication of PPR in Tanzania and achieving the global goal of eradicating PPR by 2030.

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“…Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is endemic across the African and Asian continents causing economic and veterinary important disease leading to considerable economic losses (1,2). It is known to be endemic in Nigeria as confirmed by Shamaki et al (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the African lineages is also found in Asia (8)(9)(10). The aetiologic virus is easily transmitted by direct contact with the aerosols, secretions and/or excretions of infected animals (2,4,11). PPR is a transboundary animal disease causing enormous economic losses due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with the disease and has therefore been classified among World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable diseases (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Efficacy of Different Chemotherapeutic Regimens in the Treatment of Peste des Petits Ruminants in West African Dwarf Goats

et al. 2020

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The comparative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic regimes in the treatment of natural clinical infection of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats were determined. Twenty WAD male goats divided into five groups, of four each were used. Group 1 was the combined therapy group treated with Acyclovir, Oxytetracycline and Ivermectin, Group 2 was treated with Acyclovir only, Group 3 was treated with Ivermectin only, Group 4 was treated with Oxytetracycline only and Group 5 was left untreated. Clinical signs such as nasal and ocular discharges, emaciation, anorexia, pyrexia, ulcerative oral lesions, respiratory distress and diarrhoea were observed in these goats during the period of their acclimatization. The prominent post-mortem lesion observed was discontinuous streaks of congestion (Zebra markings) in the mucosa of the colon and rectum. The physiologic parameters (temperature, pulse rate, heart rate, and respiratory rate) were taken daily. It was observed that there was a significant increase in the temperature above normal in the untreated group, suggesting pyrexia. It was also observed that the combined therapy group showed a smaller number of mortality and thus, had a better efficacy when compared to the other chemotherapeutic agents used singly

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Peste des Petits Ruminants: Aetiology, Pathology, Immunology, Disease Status in Africa, Diagnosis, Control, Prevention and Treatment: A Review

Cited by 8 publications

References 45 publications

The Clinicopathological Evaluations of the Efficacy of Incorporation of Amantadine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of West African Dwarf Goats Experimentally Infected with Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

The Clinicopathological Evaluations of the Efficacy of Incorporation of Amantadine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of West African Dwarf Goats Experimentally Infected with Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

Comparative Efficacy of Different Chemotherapeutic Regimens in the Treatment of Peste des Petits Ruminants in West African Dwarf Goats

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