Pest control using farming awareness: impact of time delays and optimal use of biopesticides

Abstract

We investigate a mathematical model in crop pest management, considering plant biomass, pest, and the effect of farming awareness. The pest population is divided into two compartments: susceptible pest and infected pest. We assume that the growth rate of self-aware people is proportional to the density of healthy pests present in the crop field. Impacts of awareness is modeled via a saturated term. It is further assumed that self-aware people will adopt biological control methods, namely integrated pest management. Susceptible pests are detrimental to crops and, moreover, there may be some time delay in measuring the healthy pests in the crop field. A time delay may also take place while becoming aware of the control strategies or taking necessary steps to control the pest attack. In agreement, we develop our model incorporating two time delays into the system. The existence and the stability criteria of the equilibria are obtained in terms of the basic reproduction number and time delays. Stability switches occur through Hopf-bifurcation when time delays cross critical values. Optimal control theory has been applied for the cost-effectiveness of the delayed system. Numerical simulations illustrate the obtained analytical results.

Optimal control of a heroin epidemic mathematical model

“…As a future direction of research, one can investigate the proposed heroin model by introducing stochastic effects on the unknowns [38]. Further, application of several types of delays [39] and multiobjective optimization [40] are also pointed out as interesting directions for future research.…”