Pervasive indirect genetic effects on behavioral development in polymorphic eastern mosquitofish

Kraft, Brittany; Lemakos, Valerie A.; Travis, Joseph; Hughes, Kimberly A.

doi:10.1093/beheco/arx180

Cited by 16 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Given that social environments containing M adult males induce more hiding and more fleeing behavior than social environments containing S adult males (Kraft et al. ), our results are consistent with an earlier study on the effects of harassment on feeding behavior in livebearing fishes (Plath et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Additional detail about the population and general husbandry of experimental animals is described in an associated study (Kraft et al. ) and provided in Supporting Information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The behavioral data came from Kraft et al. (). Time following social partners was the only behavioral variable observed as significant in any of the models, so it was the only behavioral predictor retained for the final analyses (Supporting Information Table S5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to S males, M males have been reported to be more aggressive (Martin , Horth ; but see Kraft et al. ), more likely to pursue females, and more likely to elicit evasive behaviors from conspecifics (Horth ). M males also have more social partners (Kraft et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), are more behaviorally sensitive to genetic differences in the social environment (Kraft et al. ) and, in mesocosms, experience negative frequency‐dependent survival (Horth and Travis ). These results suggest that the genetic composition of the social environment (i.e., the frequency of M and S males) can substantially affect individual behavior and mortality, and that other fitness‐related traits might also be affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GxG epistasis in growth and condition and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism inGambusia holbrooki

et al. 2018

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Theory on indirect genetic effects (IGEs) indicates that variation in the genetic composition of social groups can generate GxG epistasis that may promote the evolution of stable polymorphisms. Using a livebearing fish with a genetic polymorphism in coloration and associated behavioral differences, we tested whether genotypes of social partners interacted with focal individual genotypes to influence growth and condition over 16 weeks of development. We found that IGEs had a significant influence on patterns of feeding, regardless of focal fish genotype. There was no influence of social environment on juvenile length, but there was significant GxG epistasis for body condition. Each focal juvenile was in better condition when its own genotype was not present in adult social partners. These data are consistent with negative frequency-dependent selection in which each morph performs better when it is rare. Neither variation in feeding nor activity-related behaviors explained variation in body condition, suggesting that GxG epistasis for condition was caused by physiological differences between the two genotypes. These findings indicate that GxG epistasis in a given polymorphism can generate fitness landscapes that contribute to the maintenance of that polymorphism and to maintenance of genetic variation for additional fitness-related traits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Additional detail about the population and general husbandry of experimental animals is described in an associated study (Kraft et al. ) and provided in Supporting Information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GxG epistasis in growth and condition and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism inGambusia holbrooki

et al. 2018

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Time‐specific convergence and divergence in individual differences in behavior: Theory, protocols and analyzes

Stamps,

Biro

2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Over the years, theoreticians and empiricists working in a wide range of disciplines, including physiology, ethology, psychology, and behavioral ecology, have suggested a variety of reasons why individual differences in behavior might change over time, such that different individuals become more similar (convergence) or less similar (divergence) to one another. Virtually none of these investigators have suggested that convergence or divergence will continue forever, instead proposing that these patterns will be restricted to particular periods over the course of a longer study. However, to date, few empiricists have documented time‐specific convergence or divergence, in part because the experimental designs and statistical methods suitable for describing these patterns are not widely known. Here, we begin by reviewing an array of influential hypotheses that predict convergence or divergence in individual differences over timescales ranging from minutes to years, and that suggest how and why such patterns are likely to change over time (e.g., divergence followed by maintenance). Then, we describe experimental designs and statistical methods that can be used to determine if (and when) individual differences converged, diverged, or were maintained at the same level at specific periods during a longitudinal study. Finally, we describe why the concepts described herein help explain the discrepancy between what theoreticians and empiricists mean when they describe the “emergence” of individual differences or personality, how they might be used to study situations in which convergence and divergence patterns alternate over time, and how they might be used to study time‐specific changes in other attributes of behavior, including individual differences in intraindividual variability (predictability), or genotypic differences in behavior.

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Larger female brains do not reduce male sexual coercion

et al. 2020

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Pervasive indirect genetic effects on behavioral development in polymorphic eastern mosquitofish

Cited by 16 publications

References 75 publications

GxG epistasis in growth and condition and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism inGambusia holbrooki

GxG epistasis in growth and condition and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism inGambusia holbrooki

Time‐specific convergence and divergence in individual differences in behavior: Theory, protocols and analyzes

Larger female brains do not reduce male sexual coercion

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