“…When the vector term in the wave equation defining the spin-orbit interaction is considered, the spectrum of the propagation constant is split. The splitting of levels due to the term ∇ε (spin-orbit interaction of photons) in lens-like media has been considered in several papers [49,50]. Spin-orbit interaction in waveguides can significantly change the energy spectrum, causing splitting and the removal of degeneracy of modes with different radial and azimuthal indices and polarizations [44,51,52].…”