Perspectives on utilization of macrophytes as feed ingredient for fish in future aquaculture

Abstract

Aquaculture activity supplies high-quality protein at affordable cost. A global call for foods of aquatic origin has heightened not only due to the zooming population growth, but also because of a choice of healthier foods for human beings. As the industry expands, it is facing the high cost of feeding because the key ingredients, that is fishmeal and fish oil, of aquadiet are very expensive. Identification of alternate foodstuffs that will remarkably minimize the expense of productivity of animal protein becomes a priority with due regard to environmental footprint. Alternative feed components are vital in partially or completely substituting unsustainable but high-value components or constituents that will otherwise have direct competition with human use. Utilization of aquatic plants as a substitute for fish meal has the potential to revolutionize aquaculture in meeting global protein demand. A lot of money is spent on aquatic weed management, so this research idea tries to integrate both economic aspects and the environmental concerns. Macrophyte-based feed ingredients have promising nutrient profile: crude protein ranges between 11% and 32%; lipid, 2.90% and 16.81%; and ash, 8% and 31%, a good array of amino acids; and a good amount of micro-and macronutrients that make them prosperous substituents for fish feed.

Supplementing tributyrin to cottonseed protein concentrate‐based diets can improve growth performance, lipid metabolism and distal intestinal immunity in hybrid grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

“…Aquaculture contributes high-quality protein at a relatively reasonable cost, providing nearly 16% of the world's human-acquired protein (Naseem et al, 2021). Protein is also one of the main nutrients for aquatic animals, and the quality and quantity of protein directly determine the cost of feed.…”

Effects of Straw Return and Feed Addition on the Environment and Nitrogen use Efficiency in the Rice–Crayfish System

“…Our results showed that the yield of crayfish under feeding conditions (SF and NF) was significantly higher than that under no feeding conditions (SN and NN). As the direct food source for crayfish, feed can effectively promote their growth (Mukherjee et al, 2010;Naseem et al, 2020). Interestingly, our research found that the yield of crayfish in the SF condition was 13% higher than that in the NF condition, and the value in the SN condition was 2.3% higher than that in the NN condition (Table 4).…”

“…Aquaculture provides protein for human nutrition (Nissa et al, 2021), but the eutrophication and environmental pollution caused by intensive aquaculture production are widespread (Herbeck et al, 2013;Bian et al, 2012). The eutrophication of water bodies during intensive aquaculture is mainly caused by the nitrogen and phosphorus from unconsumed feed (Cantas and Yildirim., 2019).…”

Effects of Rapana venosa meal‐supplemented diets on reproduction, histopathology and some blood parameters of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) broodstock

“…Metabolic disorders can occur in fish when dietary protein requirements are not met (Zhang et al, 2016). Even though many studies report various protein levels for rainbow trout, a minimum of 40% crude protein is considered to be necessary for its diet, in general terms (NRC, 1993). In our study, we prepared four isonitrogenous diets to contain 43.25 ± 0.26 (mean ± SE) crude protein per 100 g of the diet, which is in line with NRC (1993) and with newer studies conducted on rainbow trout broodstock (Ma et al, 2019; Vassallo‐Agius et al, 2001).…”

“…Accordingly, amino acid analyses were performed on experimental diets, whether the required essential amino acid levels are met. Based on findings, all essential amino acids were above the requirements of rainbow trout (NRC, 1993).…”