Perspectives on the antibiotic contamination, resistance, metabolomics, and systemic remediation

Abstract

Antibiotics have been regarded as the emerging contaminants because of their massive use in humans and veterinary medicines and their persistence in the environment. The global concern of antibiotic contamination to different environmental matrices and the emergence of antibiotic resistance has posed a severe impact on the environment. Different mass-spectrometry-based techniques confirm their presence in the environment. Antibiotics are released into the environment through the wastewater steams and runoff from land application of manure. The microorganisms get exposed to the antibiotics resulting in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Consistent release of the antibiotics, even in trace amount into the soil and water ecosystem, is the major concern because the antibiotics can lead to multi-resistance in bacteria which can cause hazardous effects on agriculture, aquaculture, human, and livestock. A better understanding of the correlation between the antibiotic use and occurrence of antibiotic resistance can help in the development of policies to promote the judicious use of antibiotics. The present review puts a light on the remediation, transportation, uptake, and antibiotic resistance in the environment along with a novel approach of creating a database for systemic remediation, and metabolomics for the cleaner and safer environment.

Worldwide Traceability of Antibiotic Residues from Livestock in Wastewater and Soil: A Systematic Review

“…Triclosan, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim are the most frequently found antibiotics in soil [ 71 ], however, the highest concentrations found were in fluoroquinolones (32.34 ± 97.52) ( Figure 6 ). Quinolones, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim have been the most frequently found antibiotics in water, which exceed 1 μg/L in environmental samples [ 88 ] ( Figure 5 ; fluoroquinolones 325.0 ± 471.69 ppm). The persistence of these antibiotics in the environment may be due to their degradation time, since some antibiotics such as penicillin degrade easily within hours or a few days, while other antibiotics such as macrolides (i.e., tylosin), fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines can persist for several months or even years ( Figure 6 , Soil) [ 89 ].…”

Rhodococcus strains as a good biotool for neutralizing pharmaceutical pollutants and obtaining therapeutically valuable products: Through the past into the future

“…Microorganisms are capable of inactivation and mineralization of antibiotics. Nonetheless, knowledge of processes and genes involved in their degradation is sparse ( Reis et al, 2020 ; Sodhi et al, 2021 ). The study of antibiotic metabolism by rhodococci of ecologically significant species and other antibiotrophs not only provides information about the possible ecological fate of antibiotics and their involvement in biochemical cycles, about the development of bioremediation tools and biological treatment of antibiotic-polluted areas but also expands fundamental knowledge about the protection of susceptible pathogenic microorganisms and the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance ( Reis et al, 2020 ).…”

Langmuir Monolayer Techniques for the Investigation of Model Bacterial Membranes and Antibiotic Biodegradation Mechanisms

“…Sulphonamides (SAs), macrolides (MLs), tetracyclines (TCs), and quinolones (QNs) are the dominant antibiotics in surface waters which are mainly related to aquaculture and the emission of domestic sewage [37]. In the soil, the antibiotics usually occur in lower concentrations than in water [38]. Triclosan, sulphadiazine, and trimethoprim are most often found in soils.…”