Perspectives on smart stents with sensors: From conventional permanent to novel bioabsorbable smart stent technologies

Abstract

Percutaneous coronary intervention with the aid of cardiovascular stents is the widely used therapeutic procedure for treating occlusive vascular diseases associated with the plaque deposition inside blood vessels. In spite of the momentous evolution and innovations in the field of medical technologies as well as biomaterial science, cardiovascular stents are still associated with several limitations. The introduction of bare metal stents, which revolutionized the field of interventional cardiology, was later hampered by the occurrence of restenosis (recurrence of arterial narrowing after surgery) and target lesion revascularization (repeated percutaneous intervention or revascularization within a stent) (Nordrehaug, Wiseth, & Bønaa, 2016; Piccolo et al., 2019). Repeated attempts to correct stenotic regions can often result in rupture of vessel that can elicit blood clot formation (thrombosis) or even lead to life-threatening haemorrhage (Farooq and Gogas Bill, 2011). Restenosis occurrence originating from proliferative neointimal tissue growth in response to strut-related injury and inflammation can be clinically evident typically within 6-9 months after stent placement (Alfonso, Byrne, Rivero, & Kastrati, 2014; Moliterno, 2005). In order to specifically address the restenosis problem, the first-generation drug-eluting stents with a drug-loaded (paclitaxel) polymer coating on a metallic platform (316L stainless steel) were de

Balloon expandable coronary stent materials: a systematic review focused on clinical success

“…In spite of all the clinical developments, the mechanical properties of stent metallic platforms are unable to adapt to the surrounding biological environment leading to adverse clinical complications such as ISR, stent thrombosis, and subsequent target lesion revascularization [25,26]. In a clinical study, involving 6555 patients with 16,482 DES, stent fracture was found to be more frequently observed after DES implantation and almost one-fourth of fractured stents were subjected to target lesion revascularization [27].…”

Battery‐Free and Wireless Technologies for Cardiovascular Implantable Medical Devices

“…However, a postoperative complication in-stent restenosis (ISR) frequently occurs and is attributable to the formation of thrombosis, the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and neointimal hyperplasia. [13] A novel, selfreported stent incorporates a pressure flow sensor and a cell detector to provide a predictive solution to impending vascular complications. More advanced reasons propose protein molecular sensors to detect the smooth muscle cells and clots in the vascular system, with the aim of overcoming in-stent restenosis from early detection [14] and even deliver appropriate drugs [15,16] In addition, such smart stents enable continuous monitoring and appropriate treatments like hyperthermia therapy [17] and drug delivery.…”

“…To guarantee the high PTE of MRC-WPT system, the consistency of resonance frequency is essential, as expressed in Equation ( 13) [159] f LC π = 1 2 r (13) where L and C are the self-inductance and parasitic capacitance of the resonant transmitter or receiver coils. In addition, the coils can be modeled by a series RLC circuit and the quality factor (Q) is given by Equation ( 14) [161]…”

Vibrational characteristic of heart stent using finite element model

“…Their results showed that their method is applicable to wireless detection of stent conditions after implementation. Vishnu and Manisavagam [16] applied for a review on smart stents with sensors. They indicated stent endothelialization could be detectable by changing the resonance frequency of the sensor attached to the stent due to contact with endothelial cells and stent.…”