“…Cognitive informatics (Wang, 2002a(Wang, , 2003(Wang, , 2006(Wang, , 2007b(Wang, , 2007c(Wang, , 2007d(Wang, , 2009a(Wang, , 2009b(Wang, , 2012c(Wang, , 2012d(Wang, , 2012f, 2013aWang & Kinsner, 2006;Wang & Wang, 2006;Wang & Berwick, 2012b;Wang et al, 2009bWang et al, , 2009cWang et al, , 2011bWang et al, , 2011dWang et al, , 2012cWang et al, , 2012d is the third level of brain studies in the hierarchical framework of brain science, which is built on both neuroinformatics and brain informatics at the neurological and physiological levels towards abstract intelligence at the logical level.…”