Perspectives of Chitin Deacetylase Research

Yong, Zhao; Ju, Wan-Taek; Jo, Gyung-Hyun; Jung, Woo‐Jin; Park, Ro-Dong

doi:10.5772/18966

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The CDA from M. rouxii (Zygomycetes) binds to the polysaccharide chain and several sequential deacetylations take place [96]. This exo-type enzyme deacetylates chitin oligomers with a DP > 2, with sequential deacetylation at the non-reducing end of the oligomer, yielding D n as the acetylation pattern (Figure 4A) [97]. In contrast, the CDA from C. lindemuthianum (Ascomycetes) uses the multiple-chain mechanism in which the enzyme forms an active enzyme–polymer complex and hydrolyzes a single acetyl group before dissociating and forming a new active complex, which binds to another chain [98].…”

Section: Biological Conversion Of Chitin To Cosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects

et al. 2019

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Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide primarily produced as an industrial waste stream during the processing of crustaceans. Despite the limited applications of chitin, there is interest from the medical, agrochemical, food and cosmetic industries because it can be converted into chitosan and partially acetylated chitosan oligomers (COS). These molecules have various useful properties, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The chemical production of COS is environmentally hazardous and it is difficult to control the degree of polymerization and acetylation. These issues can be addressed by using specific enzymes, particularly chitinases, chitosanases and chitin deacetylases, which yield better-defined chitosan and COS mixtures. In this review, we summarize recent chemical and enzymatic approaches for the production of chitosan and COS. We also discuss a design-of-experiments approach for process optimization that could help to enhance enzymatic processes in terms of product yield and product characteristics. This may allow the production of novel COS structures with unique functional properties to further expand the applications of these diverse bioactive molecules.

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Section: Biological Conversion Of Chitin To Cosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects

et al. 2019

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“…The first active CDA was identified and partially purified from extracts of the fungus Mucor rouxii [ 9 ]. Later, some active CDAs were identified and purified from very diverse organisms, such as archaea, marine bacteria, fungi, and insects, which in many cases, are not even capable of producing chitosans [ 10 ]. These enzymes, like their sources, are very diverse in their characteristics and optimal working conditions.…”

Section: Carbohydrate Esterases and The Ce4 Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extracellular CDAs are secreted to alter the physicochemical properties of the cell wall to either protect the cell wall from exogenous chitinases or to initiate autolysis. In bacteria, CDAs are either intracellular, as in Rhizobium species where they are involved in Nod factor biosynthesis, or extracellular, involved in the catabolism of chitin, as in marine bacteria [ 8 , 10 , 13 ].…”

Section: Carbohydrate Esterases and The Ce4 Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chitin and chitosans mainly act as structural polymers, while their oligomers are involved in molecular recognition events, such as cell signaling and morphogenesis, and act as immune response elicitors and host–pathogen mediators [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Hence, CDAs are candidates for the design of antifungals and antibacterials [ 8 , 10 ], and chitin derivatives have uses in medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications [ 26 , 27 ]. Chitosan polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are characterized by their degree of polymerization (DP), degree of acetylation (DA), and pattern of acetylation (PA).…”

Section: Substrates Of Ce4 Family Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Substrate Recognition and Specificity of Chitin Deacetylases and Related Family 4 Carbohydrate Esterases

Aragunde

Biarnés

Planas

2018

IJMS

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Carbohydrate esterases family 4 (CE4 enzymes) includes chitin and peptidoglycan deacetylases, acetylxylan esterases, and poly-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases that act on structural polysaccharides, altering their physicochemical properties, and participating in diverse biological functions. Chitin and peptidoglycan deacetylases are not only involved in cell wall morphogenesis and remodeling in fungi and bacteria, but they are also used by pathogenic microorganisms to evade host defense mechanisms. Likewise, biofilm formation in bacteria requires partial deacetylation of extracellular polysaccharides mediated by poly-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases. Such biological functions make these enzymes attractive targets for drug design against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. On the other side, acetylxylan esterases deacetylate plant cell wall complex xylans to make them accessible to hydrolases, making them attractive biocatalysts for biomass utilization. CE4 family members are metal-dependent hydrolases. They are highly specific for their particular substrates, and show diverse modes of action, exhibiting either processive, multiple attack, or patterned deacetylation mechanisms. However, the determinants of substrate specificity remain poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structure, activity, and specificity of CE4 enzymes, focusing on chitin deacetylases and related enzymes active on N-acetylglucosamine-containing oligo and polysaccharides.

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“…Polysaccharides are biopolymers constituted by carbohydrate monomers (normally hexoses) linked by glycosidic bonds. The second most abundant structural polysaccharide after cellulose is chitin, which is composed of β(1 → 4) linked units of N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose [1][2]. Chitin is present in insect's body wall (cuticle), gut lining (peritrophic matrix, PM), salivary gland, trachea, eggshells and muscle attachment points.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and mineral acid demineralizations: effects oncrangonandLiocarcinus vernalis– sourced biopolymer yield and properties

Gbenebor

Adeosun

Akinwande

2018

Journal of Taibah University for Science

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Chitin is chemically extracted from crustacean shells whose composition and structure differ from one another. It is reported that mineral acids distort chitin's physiochemical properties compared to organic acids. Investigations on the effectiveness of these acids on chitin isolation from crab and shrimp exoskeleton are carried out. Shell particles were demineralized using acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) and HCl while NaOH was used for deproteinization. Acetic acid possesses low potency for complete CaCO 3 removal from crab shell while it fully demineralizes shrimp shell. With the use of CH 3 COOH, the biopolymer extracted shows characteristics of chitin but with lower content and physicochemical properties compared to chitin isolated from the shells using HCl. Mineral acid (HCl) will thus isolate chitin from exoskeletons of marine invertebrates irrespective of their shell nature while organic acid (CH 3 COOH) will be effective for soft shells whose embedded chitin content is more than the mineral content such as shrimp shells. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Perspectives of Chitin Deacetylase Research

Cited by 11 publications

References 46 publications

Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects

Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects

Substrate Recognition and Specificity of Chitin Deacetylases and Related Family 4 Carbohydrate Esterases

Organic and mineral acid demineralizations: effects oncrangonandLiocarcinus vernalis– sourced biopolymer yield and properties

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