Perspectives for regulating 10 nm particle number emissions based on novel measurement methodologies

Samaras, Zissis; Rieker, Marcus; Papaioannou, Eleni; Dorp, Willem F. van; Kousoulidou, Marina; Ntziachristos, Leónidas; Andersson, Jon; Bergmann, Alexander; Hausberger, Stefan; Keskinen, Jorma; Karjalainen, Panu; Martikainen, Sampsa; Mamakos, Athanasios; Haisch, Christoph; Kontses, Anastasios; Toumasatos, Zisimos; Landl, Lukas; Bainschab, Markus; Lähde, Tero; Piacenza, O.; Kreutziger, Philipp; Bhave, Amit; Lee, K.F.; Akroyd, Jethro; Kraft, Markus; Kazemimanesh, Mohsen; Boies, Adam M.; Focşa, Cristian; Duca, Dumitru; Carpentier, Y.; Pirim, Claire; Noble, J. A.; Lancry, O.; Legendre, Sébastien; Tritscher, T.; Spielvogel, Jürgen; Horn, Hans‐Georg; Pérez, Abel Milena; Paz, S.; Zarvalis, Dimitrios; Melas, Anastasios; Baltzopoulou, Penelope; Vlachos, Nickolas; Chasapidis, Leonidas; Deloglou, D.; Daskalos, Emmanouil; Tsakis, Apostolos; Konstandopoulos, Athanasios G.; Zinola, Stéphane; Iorio, Silvana Di; Catapano, Francesco; Vaglieco, Bianca Maria; Burtscher, H.; Nicol, Giovanna; Zamora, Daoíz; Maggiore, Maurizio

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2022.105957

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The sub-23 nm contribution was lower than 20% in all cases. GDI engines may emit particles from 10 to 40 nm, especially under high-load transients, but the introduction of GPFs can effectively reduce these small-size particles [37]. In this study, the low sub-23 nm contribution may be attributed either to the efficiency of the GPFs and/or to the larger size of particles generated during the cold-start emissions which dominate the SPN of the entire test.…”

Section: Sub-23 Nm Particle Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 82%

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

et al. 2022

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are a promising technology for reducing the tailpipe emissions of CO2 as well as air pollutants, especially in urban environments. However, several studies raise questions over their after-treatment exhaust efficiency when their internal combustion engine (ICE) ignites. The rationale is the high ICE load during the cold start in combination with the cold conditions of the after-treatment devices. In this study, we measured the solid particle number (SPN) emissions of two Euro 6d and one Euro 6d-TEMP gasoline direct injection (GDI) PHEVs (electric range 52–61 km) all equipped with a gasoline particulate filter, in the laboratory and on-road with different states of charge of the rechargeable electric energy storage system (REESS) and ambient temperatures. All vehicles met the regulation limits but it was observed that, even for fully charged REESS, when the ICE ignited SPN emissions were similar or even higher in some cases compared to the operation of these vehicles solely with their ICE (discharged REESS) and also when compared to conventional GDI vehicles. On-road SPN emission rate spikes during the first 30 s after a cold start were, on average, 2 to 15 times higher with charged compared to discharged REESS due to higher SPN concentrations and exhaust flow rates. For one vehicle in the laboratory under identical driving conditions, the ICE ignition at high load resulted in 10-times-higher SPN emission rate spikes at cold-start compared to hot-start. At −10 °C, for all tested vehicles, the ICE ignited at the beginning of the cycle even when the REESS was fully charged, and SPN emissions increased from 30% to 80% compared to the cycle at 23 °C in which the ICE ignited. The concentration of particles below 23 nm, which is the currently regulated lower particle size, was low (≤18%), showing that particles larger than 23 nm were mainly emitted irrespective of cold or hot engine operation and ambient temperature.

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Section: Sub-23 Nm Particle Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 82%

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

et al. 2022

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“…A review by Giechaskiel and colleagues shows that both diesel and petrol engines can emit nonvolatile particles with a count median diameter CMD < 60 nm. Furthermore, petrol, ethanol, and compress natural gas engines have been shown to produce soot particles with modal sizes around 20 to 30 nm for a variety of engine conditions and different fuel injection technologies. , In series no. 5, soot particles coated with SOM from the ozonolysis of α-pinene were generated at three different concentrations to evaluate any dose–response relationship.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Secondary Organic Matter on Soot Particle Toxicity in Reconstituted Human Bronchial Epithelia Exposed at the Air–Liquid Interface

Leni

Ess

Keller

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Secondary organic matter (SOM) formed from gaseous precursors constitutes a major mass fraction of fine particulate matter. However, there is only limited evidence on its toxicological impact. In this study, air−liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelia were exposed to different series of fresh and aged soot particles generated by a miniCAST burner combined with a micro smog chamber (MSC). Soot cores with geometric mean mobility diameters of 30 and 90 nm were coated with increasing amounts of SOM, generated from the photo-oxidation of mesitylene and ozonolysis of α-pinene. At 24 h after exposure, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating cell membrane damage, was measured and proteome analysis, i.e. the release of 102 cytokines and chemokines to assess the inflammatory response, was performed. The data indicate that the presence of the SOM coating and its bioavailability play an important role in cytotoxicity. In particular, LDH release increased with increasing SOM mass/total particle mass ratio, but only when SOM had condensed on the outer surface of the soot cores. Proteome analysis provided further evidence for substantial interference of coated particles with essential properties of the respiratory epithelium as a barrier as well as affecting cell remodeling and inflammatory activity.

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“…Results from the three Horizon 2020 projects, aimed at supporting the development of sub-23 nm particle counting methods and regulation [31], suggested that gaseous-fuel vehicles should be included in the PN emission regulation starting at least at 10 nm particle detection range. They also suggest the retrofit of GPF, which could reduce significantly (up to two orders of magnitude) the sub-23 PN emission [29,31].…”

Section: Cng Busesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Number Emission for Periodic Technical Inspection in a Bus Rapid Transit System

Botero

Londoño

Agudelo

et al. 2023

Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.

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This study was carried out under the Climate and Clean Air in Latin American Cities program (CALAC+) and aimed to evaluate the particle-number-based periodic technical inspection (PN-PTI) test in a public bus rapid transport (BRT) system and establish a baseline of PN emission. The PN-PTI test was performed in 1474 buses with emission standards from Euro II to Euro V without diesel particle filter (DPF), Euro V with retrofitted DPF, Euro VI diesel with original engine manufacturer DPF, and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled. The median PN emission of buses with DPF is below 3000 #/cm3. PN emission limits such as 1,000,000 #/cm3 or 250,000 #/cm3 would allow the approval of vehicles with DPF that are not fully operational. An additional high-idle test is proposed for buses with emissions above 50,000 #/cm3, but below the test approval limit, to detect DPF that may require maintenance.For buses without DPF, which are the majority of the bus fleets in Latin America, the PN emission test can detect and target very-high emitters for developing special policies. CNG buses presented the lowest emissions, likely because of the detection limit of the equipment (23 nm) which cannot detect the large number of particles emitted by these vehicles in the sub-23 nm particle range.

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Perspectives for regulating 10 nm particle number emissions based on novel measurement methodologies

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

Role of Secondary Organic Matter on Soot Particle Toxicity in Reconstituted Human Bronchial Epithelia Exposed at the Air–Liquid Interface

Particle Number Emission for Periodic Technical Inspection in a Bus Rapid Transit System

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