Perspectives and Challenges of COVID-19 with Obesity-Related Cancers

Nasiri-Ansari, Νarjes; Spyrou, Nikolaos

doi:10.3390/cancers15061771

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 69 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, the incidence and severity of the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) decreased during the Omicron wave of the pandemic in comparison to earlier waves [ 35 ]. It is currently unclear if this observation is primarily a consequence of the altered natural course of infection caused by the Omicron variant or simply confounded by the effects of increasing vaccine coverage (see below) or the increasing prevalence of reinfections and breakthrough infections in the Omicron era [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Long Covid and Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Findings and Biomarkers in Long COVID: What Do We Know So Far? Insights into Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Challenges

Tsilingiris

Karampela

Christodoulatos

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Long COVID (LC) encompasses a constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by at least 10% of people after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, and so far it has affected about 65 million people. The etiology of LC remains unclear; however, many pathophysiological pathways may be involved, including viral persistence; a chronic, low-grade inflammatory response; immune dysregulation and a defective immune response; the reactivation of latent viruses; autoimmunity; persistent endothelial dysfunction and coagulopathy; gut dysbiosis; hormonal and metabolic dysregulation; mitochondrial dysfunction; and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. There are no specific tests for the diagnosis of LC, and clinical features including laboratory findings and biomarkers may not specifically relate to LC. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to develop and validate biomarkers that can be employed for the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of LC and its therapeutic response, although this effort may be hampered by challenges pertaining to the non-specific nature of the majority of clinical manifestations in the LC spectrum, small sample sizes of relevant studies and other methodological issues. Promising candidate biomarkers that are found in some patients are markers of systemic inflammation, including acute phase proteins, cytokines and chemokines; biomarkers reflecting SARS-CoV-2 persistence, the reactivation of herpesviruses and immune dysregulation; biomarkers of endotheliopathy, coagulation and fibrinolysis; microbiota alterations; diverse proteins and metabolites; hormonal and metabolic biomarkers; and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. At present, there are only two reviews summarizing relevant biomarkers; however, they do not cover the entire umbrella of current biomarkers, their link to etiopathogenetic mechanisms or the diagnostic work-up in a comprehensive manner. Herein, we aim to appraise and synopsize the available evidence on the typical laboratory manifestations and candidate biomarkers of LC, their classification based on pathogenetic mechanisms and the main LC symptomatology in the frame of the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the syndrome and furthermore assess limitations and challenges as well as potential implications in candidate therapeutic interventions.

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