Perspective Chapter: Tissue-Electronics Interfaces

Abstract

Tissue-electronics interfaces provide a two-way communication between biological tissue and external electronics devices to record electrophysiological signals and stimulation of the living organs. This Chapter presents an overview of significant progresses in tissue-electronics interfaces. At first, we evaluate principal properties of the living tissue microenvironment important for tissue-specific equipment design. Next, we study charge transfer mechanisms in the biological tissues, bulk electrode materials, and tissue-electronics interfaces. After that, we highlight the current developing and promising advanced biomaterials for the neural electrodes, significantly leading to the development of bionanoelectronics and bionic organs. Finally, the challenges and future outlook of the neural interfaces will be discussed.

Principles and Advancements of Microelectrode Arrays in Brain-Machine Interfaces

“…Low impedance is crucial in neural interfaces, improving signal transmission and enhancing the quality of recorded neural signals in BMIs. This optimization reduces voltage drop, leading to accurate and sensitive neural activity recording [9]. Biocompatible (d-f) SEM images of the microelectrodes made of PEDOT:PSS sensing pads [6].…”

“…Each electrode provides a spatially distinct measurement, enabling the mapping of neural or cellular activity across a region. Stimulation, on the other hand, involves applying controlled electrical currents through selected electrodes to activate or modulate cellular or neural activity [9].…”

“…PEDOT can be deposited on flexible substrates like polyimide to create highly conductive and flexible electrode sites. Another noteworthy CP is polypyrrole (PPy), valued for its electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties, applicable for creating conductive interfaces for neural recording and stimulation [9]. CP-based MEAs find applications in neuroprosthetic devices, such as BMIs, enabling individuals with paralysis to control external devices through neural signals.…”