Perspective approaches on melanogenesis inhibition

Manap, Aimi Syamima Abdul; Lum, Yin Kei; Ong, Lei Hui; Tang, Yin Quan; Gew, Lai Ti; Chia, Adeline Yoke Yin

doi:10.4103/ds.ds_46_20

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Subsequently, dopaquinone is converted into eumelanin or pheomelanin, the two main types of melanin pigments. The efficiency of this conversion is influenced by several enzymes, including tyrosinase‐related protein 1 (TRP‐1) and tyrosinase‐related protein 2 (TRP‐2), also known as dopachrome tautomerase 4,13 . Eumelanin, responsible for brown to black pigmentation, is a more protective form of melanin due to its reactive oxygen scavenger properties, as well as its ability to absorb and scatter UV rays 14 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because there is still a low level of evidence, it should be used in combination to other therapies to treat melasma in all its complexity. In this sense, some suggestions have already been proposed 13 …”

Section: Implications For Clinical Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, sunscreen is essential to reduce the exposure of a wide range of cells (keratinocytes, sebocytes, and fibroblasts) to UV radiation 1,74 . In addition, skin‐lightening agents that act as TYR inhibitors (antioxidants, hydroquinone, arbutin, kojic acid, azelaic acid, some flavonoids, and others) as well as other active ingredients (α‐MSH blockers, melanosome transferase inhibitors, and cytokine inhibitors) may help control melanogenic signaling 13,75 . PBM may contribute to these actions by inhibiting the activity of TYR and other enzymes involved in melanin synthesis; downregulate MITF, TYR, TRP‐1, and TRP‐2 at the gene and protein levels; and inhibit melanogenesis by promoting autophagy.…”

Section: Implications For Clinical Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

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Photobiomodulation for melasma treatment: Integrative review and state of the art

Galache,

Sena,

Tassinary

et al. 2023

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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PurposePhotobiomodulation therapy (PBM) is a versatile technique for treating skin diseases. Melasma, a chronic hyperpigmentation condition, has recently been associated with vascular features and dermal photoaging and poses significant management challenges. We review the recent literature on melasma etiology and the evidence supporting PBM as a therapeutic modality for melasma treatment.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search in three different databases from May to August 2023, focusing on studies published in the past 10 years. The inclusion criteria comprised full‐text studies investigating low‐power lasers and/or light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) in in vitro or in vivo models, as well as clinical trials. We excluded studies discussing alternative melasma therapies or lacking experimental data. We identified additional studies by searching the reference lists of the selected articles.ResultsWe identified nine relevant studies. Clinical studies, in agreement with in vitro experiments and animal models, suggest that PBM effectively reduces melasma‐associated hyperpigmentation. Specific wavelengths (red: 630 nm; amber: 585 and 590 nm; infrared: 830 and 850 nm) at radiant exposures between 1 and 20 J/cm2 exert modulatory effects on tyrosinase activity, gene expression, and protein synthesis of melanocytic pathway components, and thus significantly reduce the melanin content. Additionally, PBM is effective in improving the dermal structure and reducing erythema and neovascularization, features recently identified as pathological components of melasma.ConclusionPBM emerges as a promising, contemporary, and non‐invasive procedure for treating melasma. Beyond its role in inhibiting melanogenesis, PBM shows potential in reducing erythema and vascularization and improving dermal conditions. However, robust and well‐designed clinical trials are needed to determine optimal light parameters and to evaluate the effects of PBM on melasma thoroughly.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Clinical Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Clinical Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

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Photobiomodulation for melasma treatment: Integrative review and state of the art

Galache,

Sena,

Tassinary

et al. 2023

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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“…Inhibition of melanosomes transfer with soy and niacinamide may prevent darkening of peilesions. 38,39 Tranexamic acid not only inhibits epidermal melanocyte tyrosinase activity but also decreases the levels of inflammatory mediators and melanocyte stimulators. Since perilesions are still adaptive and under stress from UV/dermal inflammation, resuscitation with tranexamic acid, antioxidants, daily broad-spectrum SPF sunscreen may prevent from further deterioration of melanocyte function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, perilesions contribute to the worsening of melasma after UV irradiation. Inhibition of melanosomes transfer with soy and niacinamide may prevent darkening of peilesions 38,39 . Tranexamic acid not only inhibits epidermal melanocyte tyrosinase activity but also decreases the levels of inflammatory mediators and melanocyte stimulators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptability of melanocytes post ultraviolet stimulation in patients with melasma

Wang

Chang

et al. 2023

Lasers Surg Med

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BackgroundDynamic in vivo changes in melanin in melasma lesions after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation have not been described.ObjectivesTo determine whether melasma lesions and nearby perilesions demonstrated different adaptive responses to UV irradiation and whether the tanning responses were different among different locations on face.MethodsWe collected sequential images from real‐time cellular resolution full‐field optical coherence tomography (CRFF‐OCT) at melasma lesions and perilesions among 20 Asian patients. Quantitative and layer distribution analyses for melanin were performed using a computer‐aided detection (CADe) system that utilizes spatial compounding‐based denoising convolutional neural networks.ResultsThe detected melanin (D) is melanin with a diameter >0.5 µm, among which confetti melanin (C) has a diameter of >3.3 µm and corresponds to a melanosome‐rich package. The calculated C/D ratio is proportional to active melanin transportation. Before UV exposure, melasma lesions had more detected melanin (p = 0.0271), confetti melanin (p = 0.0163), and increased C/D ratio (p = 0.0152) in the basal layer compared to those of perilesions. After exposure to UV irradiation, perilesions have both increased confetti melanin (p = 0.0452) and the C/D ratio (p = 0.0369) in basal layer, and this effect was most prominent in right cheek (p = 0.030). There were however no significant differences in the detected, confetti, or granular melanin areas before and after exposure to UV irradiation in melasma lesions in all the skin layers.ConclusionsHyperactive melanocytes with a higher baseline C/D ratio were noted in the melasma lesions. They were “fixed” on the plateau and were not responsive to UV irradiation regardless of the location on face. Perilesions retained adaptability with a dynamic response to UV irradiation, in which more confetti melanin was shed, mainly in the basal layer. Therefore, aggravating effect of UV on melasma was mainly due to UV‐responsive perilesions rather than lesions.

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