Personalized Medicine in Diabetes

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Multiple genes that are associated with the risk of developing diabetes or the risk of diabetes complications have been identified by candidate gene analysis and genomewide scanning. These molecular markers, together with clinical data and findings from proteomics, metabolomics, pharmacogenetics, and other methods, lead to a consideration of the extent to which personalized approaches can be applied to the treatment of diabetes mellitus.CONTENT: Known genes that cause monogenic subtypes of diabetes are reviewed, and several examples are discussed in which the genotype of an individual with diabetes can direct considerations of preferred choices for glycemic therapy. The extent of characterization of polygenic determinants of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is summarized, and the potential for using this information in personalized management of glycemia and complications in diabetes is discussed. The application and current limitations of proteomic and metabolomic methods in elucidating diabetes heterogeneity is reviewed.

Desktop 3D printing of controlled release pharmaceutical bilayer tablets

“…It is widely believed that a key factor for future improvements in disease treatment will be driven by point-of-care and home-based diagnostics linked with genetic testing and emerging technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics analysis (Malandrino and Smith, 2011). This has led to the concept of personalized medicine, which foresees the customization of healthcare to an individual patient (Holmes et al, 2010;Scoutaris et al, 2011).…”

The rs10885122 polymorphism of the adrenoceptor alpha 2A (ADRA2A) gene in Euro-Brazilians with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…T2D is a polygenic disease, and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with risk or protection regarding this disease and its complications (3)(4)(5).…”

Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are favourable to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists: Yes

“…Thus, whether one pharmacological approach is more favourable than another one (GLP-1 receptor agonist versus DPP-4 inhibitor as considered here or the reverse) would probably depend on the pathophysiological and other clinical characteristics of each individual patient. It is anticipated that strategies for individualized treatment decisions will emerge with expanding knowledge of polygenic factors and other molecular determinants of disease [43].…”