Personalized Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Persistence of Immunity for Cervical Cancer Prevention: A Critical Review With Experts' Opinions

Abstract

The development of cervical cancer has been shown to involve both viral and host factors. The host factors are those that determine the specific response to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by the patient's immune system. The immune responses to vaccines have been shown to be influenced by polymorphisms in genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. The specific genetic variants that may influence the immune responses to HPV vaccine which may contribute to persistence of immunity (POI) have not been widely studied yet. In order to address the question as to "is it right to vaccinate all children, and all with equal dose?" we have critically examined the knowledge of common immunogenetic and immunogenomic variations that may influence the HPV vaccine POI across various populations. We have also identified a number of specific research questions that need to be addressed in future research into host molecular genetic variations and HPV vaccine POI in order to afford life-long protection against the development of cervical cancer. This work informs future insights for improved HPV vaccine designs based on common host molecular genetic variations.

High-risk HPV genotypes in Zimbabwean women with cervical cancer: Comparative analyses between HIV-negative and HIV-positive women

“…However, in stark contrast to the global data, we report here a >13-fold higher frequency (26%) of HPV35 among Zimbabwean women with cervical cancer, compared to Caucasians (~2%) and Asian (~1%) cervical cancer patients [ 48 , 49 ]. Across the African continent, there is heterogeneity in the frequency of HPV35, ranging from as low as 6% in South Africa, Burkina Faso (9%), Nigeria (9%), Tanzania (15%), Mozambique (17%), and up to the comparable 24% observed among Malawian women [ 18 , 28 , 50 – 58 ]. It is important to note, an earlier study among Zimbabwean women [ 22 ] which showed a frequency of 11% for HPV35.…”

Nocardia rubra cell‐wall skeleton influences the development of cervical carcinoma by promoting the antitumor effect of macrophages and dendritic cells

“…Cervical carcinoma is a major cancer affecting women's health and one of the highest rates of cancer‐related deaths in developing countries 1 . The pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma has been proven to be related to HPV virus infection and patient immune degradation 2 . However, to date, no antiviral drugs that are effective in eliminating HPV have been identified.…”

“… 1 The pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma has been proven to be related to HPV virus infection and patient immune degradation. 2 However, to date, no antiviral drugs that are effective in eliminating HPV have been identified. The blocking and self‐clearing of local cervical HPV infection depend on the state of the host's immune system.…”

A Long-Term Observation on the Possible Adverse Effects in Japanese Adolescent Girls after Human Papillomavirus Vaccination

“…Nevertheless, while there is a possible occurrence of adverse effects after HPV vaccination, these results do not necessarily signal the negation of the usefulness of this vaccine for the prevention of uterine cervical cancer [ 41 ]. If the information reported in this study is provided and is widely available at the induction of HPV vaccines, a social distaste for HPV vaccination (All Japan Coordinating Association of HPV Sufferers) would likely not occur in Japan.…”