“…Generally, it is executed in two ways: (i) block-wise processing and (ii) pixel-wise processing. In block-wise segmentation methods, the entire fingerprint image is divided into several non-overlapping blocks, and some statistical measures are adopted to make the decision whether an image sub-block belongs to the foreground or background region [10,14,23,30,33,35]. To the contrary, features of each pixel are determined (e.g., intensity value, pixel orientation, gradient of direction, frequency) in pixel-wise segmentation [3,9,12,17,34].…”