Personality, values, and motivation

A Latent Class Analysis of Personal Values in Young Adults

“…Previous research has provided evidence that the strength of associations between values and personality varies as a function whether the traits are more cognitively based (with cognitive traits having a stronger association with values) and the amount of content overlap with between the values and traits (Parks-Leduc et al, 2015). Across studies, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness demonstrate the strongest associations with personal values, followed by Conscientiousness and Extraversion (Fischer & Boer, 2014;Parks, 2007;Parks & Guay, 2009;Parks-Leduc et al, 2015;Roccas et al, 2002). Agreeableness is positively correlated with benevolence, tradition, and conformity and negatively correlated with power and achievement; Openness to Experience is positively correlated with selfdirection, universalism, and stimulation and negatively correlated with conformity, security, power and tradition; Extraversion is positively correlated with achievement, stimulation, and hedonism and negatively correlated with tradition; and Conscientiousness is positively correlated with achievement, conformity, and security and negatively correlated with stimulation.…”

“…Personal values reflect principles we use to govern how we ought to behave and represent a dimension of individual differences (Parks & Guay, 2009;Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz, 1992Schwartz, , 2006. Values show robust associations with other individual differences, such as personality traits (Fischer & Boer, 2014;Parks & Guay, 2009;Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz, & Knafo, 2002), and have been organized into summary categories -most notably, Schwartz's circumplex taxonomy (2006).…”

“…Values show robust associations with other individual differences, such as personality traits (Fischer & Boer, 2014;Parks & Guay, 2009;Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz, & Knafo, 2002), and have been organized into summary categories -most notably, Schwartz's circumplex taxonomy (2006). In addition to numerous studies examining values from a variable-centered approach, recent empirical attention has focused on adopting a within-person approach to examine value typology (Borg, Bardi, & Schwartz, 2015;Gollan & Witte, 2014;Magun, Rudnew, & Schmidt, 2016).…”

“…We focus here on the latter. Personal values reflect guiding principles that influence an individual's behavior (Parks & Guay, 2009;Schwartz, 1992;Schwartz, 2006). Schwartz's Theory of Basic Human Values (1992;Smith & Schwartz, 1997) is perhaps the most widely used and extensively developed taxonomy for personal values.…”

“…Schwartz's theoretical model is further composed of ten broad values: self-direction (choosing, creating, exploring), stimulation (excitement, novelty, challenge), hedonism (pleasure, sensuous gratification), achievement (personal success, competency), power (social status, prestige, dominance), security (safety, harmony), conformity (social norm-consistency), tradition (respect, commitment to customs), benevolence (concern over close other's welfare), and universalism (concern over welfare of all people and nature). The taxonomy of the values is laid out in a circumplex (see Parks & Guay, 2009;Schwartz, 1992 for an illustration), with complementary values being closer to -and opposing values being further away from -each other. The values are divided into four quadrants along two bipolar dimensions: openness to change versus conservation and self-transcendence versus self-enhancement.…”