Personality Traits and Vitamin D3 Supplementation Affect Mood State 12 h Before 100 km Ultramarathon Run

Krokosz, Daniel; Lipowski, Mariusz; Aschenbrenner, Piotr; Ratkowski, Wojciech

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00980

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…In turn, experienced runners remember the pain and exhaustion of their previous runs, and often their fears are associated with unwillingness to experience these states again. Moreover, it is notable that the levels of tense arousal in the runners before the nighttime race were two stens higher than in runners who took part in our previous study, in which participants ran 100 km on a track [ 10 ]. It is not surprising that night ultramarathons are more of a mental challenge than a 100 km run on a flat, well-prepared track.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Results of the research on the mood of ultramarathon runners are consistent [ 9 ]. The overwhelming majority of studies found, unsurprisingly, that after running an ultramarathon, levels of vigor drop, and levels of mental and physical fatigue increase [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Our research group observed similar results in our previous study conducted during a 100 km run on a track.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our research group observed similar results in our previous study conducted during a 100 km run on a track. The UWIST Mood Adjective Check List revealed a clear drop in energy arousal 12 h after finishing the run [ 10 ]. Similarly, previous research suggests a post-race decrease in tension associated with pre-race stress [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The UWIST Mood Adjective Check List revealed a clear drop in energy arousal 12 h after finishing the run [ 10 ]. Similarly, previous research suggests a post-race decrease in tension associated with pre-race stress [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 15 ]. Tension and pre-race stress are understandable in both beginner ultramarathoners, who have not previously finished races over 42.195 km, as well as in experienced runners who know what difficulties they will face and how unpleasant the consequences of finishing an ultramarathon can be.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes of Mood and Cognitive Performance before and after a 100 km Nighttime Ultramarathon Run

Krokosz

Bidzan-Bluma

Ratkowski

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Ultramarathons are becoming an increasingly popular endurance sport. Year after year, the demands on athletes’ skills and endurance increase. Ultramarathons are particularly taxing on athletes’ psychological functioning. This study assessed the relationships between taking part in a nighttime ultramarathon and changes in mood and cognitive functioning. The study included 20 experienced runners aged 26–57 (M = 37.29; SD = 7.94) who had M = 7.08, SD = 5.41 (range 3–44) years of experience running. There were 18 men and 2 women. The mood states were measured twice, just before the start of the run and shortly after crossing the finish line, using the Polish version of the UMACL UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist by Mathews, Chamberlain, and Jones. To assess cognitive functioning, the Stroop Color and Word Test and “Forward digit span” subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were used. We observed statistically significant changes in the mood of the runners: tense arousal, associated with the experienced stress, was significantly higher before the run than immediately after the finish. Moreover, we observed an improvement in cognitive functioning after finishing the 100 km run on both of the trials on the Stroop color word test and on the forward digit span test.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Changes of Mood and Cognitive Performance before and after a 100 km Nighttime Ultramarathon Run

Krokosz

Bidzan-Bluma

Ratkowski

et al. 2020

IJERPH

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…These scores can be combined by taking the sum of the negative mood states and subtracting the vigour score to produce a total mood disturbance (TMD) score [10]. The most consistently reported findings are pre to post race decrease in vigour and an increase in fatigue [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], which is consistent with fact that completing an ultramarathon requires sustained exertion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Reduced mood variability is associated with enhanced performance during ultrarunnning

Burgum¹,

Smith²

2020

Preprint

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Ultrarunning requires extraordinary endurance, but the psychological factors involved in successful ultrarunning are not well understood. One widely held view is that fluctuations in mood may play a pivotal role in performance during endurance events. However, this view is primarily based on comparisons of mood before and after marathons and shorter running events. Few studies have explicitly examined mood changes during ultra running, and they have tended to have small samples and/or be lab based rather than field studies, perhaps due to the large timescales and difficulty recruiting large numbers of ultramarathoners. To address these weaknesses, we conducted 3 field studies designed to measure mood fluctuations during competitive ultramarathon events. In Study 1, the POMS was used to monitor mood in 14 ultrarunners during the 110 mile Hardmoors110 ultramarathon. Study 2 assessed mood with the BRUMS as 15 athletes completed the Hardmoors110, and in Study 3 the BRUMS was used to assess mood in 30 athletes running a sixty mile ultramarathon. In all 3 studies there was a significant decrease in Tension between Race Start and the 1st within-race measurement point. Vigour decreased across the race whilst Fatigue increased. Importantly, within-race measures revealed that these changes were nonlinear, such that changes were largest at the start and end of races. In both the 110 mile races Total Mood Disturbance was stable throughout the 1st part of the race, then rapidly increased until reaching asymptote during the final stage. Anger significantly increased, but only in the 60 mile races. It is argued that changes in Tension reflect the release of pre-competition anxiety, that changes in Vigour and Fatigue are related to the perception of effort which may be best understood in terms of the Psychobiological Model of endurance, and that increases in Anger may have some benefits in short ultramarathons. These data offer new insights into the dynamics of mood states during ultra-endurance events, help better understand at what point during races implementing psychological mood-regulation strategies might be optimal, and may have broader implications for the understanding of human endurance and resilience in other domains.

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Reduced mood variability is associated with enhanced performance during ultrarunnning

Burgum

Smith

2021

PLoS ONE

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Ultrarunning requires extraordinary endurance but the psychological factors involved in successful ultrarunning are not well understood. One widely held view is that fluctuations in mood play a pivotal role in performance during endurance events. However, this view is primarily based on comparisons of mood before and after marathons and shorter running events. Indeed, to date no study has explicitly examined mood changes during a competive ultramarathon. To address this issue, we measured mood fluctuations in athletes competing in the Hardmoors 60, a 100 km, single day continuous trail-ultramarathon, and examined how variation in mood related to performance, as measured by completion time. The key finding was that the variability of athletes Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score was significantly and positively correlated with completion time, consistent with the idea that mood is an important factor in determining race performance. Athletes also experienced a significant increase in tension immediately prior to race onset. This effect was more pronounced in less experienced athletes and significantly attenuated by measurement stage 1 at 35.4 km, which suggests the effect was driven by the release of pre-competition anxiety. Depression, anger and TMD were significantly lower at the pre-race measurement compared to the baseline measurement taken the week before. Consistent with previous studies, there were also significant increases in fatigue, anger and TMD during the race. The data are interpreted in terms of the Psychobiological model of endurance and may have broader implications for the understanding of endurance performance in other domains.

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Personality Traits and Vitamin D3 Supplementation Affect Mood State 12 h Before 100 km Ultramarathon Run

Cited by 4 publications

References 58 publications

Changes of Mood and Cognitive Performance before and after a 100 km Nighttime Ultramarathon Run

Changes of Mood and Cognitive Performance before and after a 100 km Nighttime Ultramarathon Run

Reduced mood variability is associated with enhanced performance during ultrarunnning

Reduced mood variability is associated with enhanced performance during ultrarunnning

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