Personality traits and individual differences predict threat-induced changes in postural control

Zaback, Martin; Cleworth, Taylor W.; Carpenter, Mark G.; Adkin, Allan L.

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.01.015

Cited by 69 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…This is true for the general population and becomes striking when one considers patients with an impaired motor function that may have implications for treatment strategies (Latash and Anson 1996). Recognition of this fact has led to studies of the effects of personality traits on the indices of motor performance correlated with neurophysiological findings (Picerni et al 2013; Petrosini et al 2015; Zaback et al 2015; Cheng et al 2017). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of personal traits on motor coordination have been studied typically in populations with neurological or psychological abnormalities such as autism, dyspraxia, developmental coordination disorder, and others (Harris et al 2008; Lingham et al 2010; Cheng et al 2017; Curioni et al 2017). Personality traits such as risk taking, novelty seeking, reward dependence, general arousal, and fear of falling have been linked to cerebellar activity (Picerni et al 2013; Petrosini et al 2015) and are known to correlate with indices of performance (Miller and Saygin 2013; Zaback et al 2015). Our experiments differ from earlier studies in addressing variables that are not directly related to the performance of the explicit task and receive no visual feedback.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual preferences in motor coordination seen across the two hands: relations to movement stability and optimality

Freitas

Lewis

et al. 2018

Exp Brain Res

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The framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis was used to explore variables related to stability of task performance in the two hands of young healthy individuals. Fourteen young adults performed four-finger accurate constant force production tasks interrupted by a voluntary quick force pulse production and by an externally imposed displacement of all fingers. Three groups of variables were used to quantify stability of steady force production: (1) indices of the inter-trial variance were computed within the UCM and orthogonal to the UCM; (2) indices of motor equivalence were computed between steady-state intervals separated by the force pulse and by the inverse piano action; and (3) referent coordinate and apparent stiffness were computed using the data during the ascending phase of the finger-lifting episode. In another task, the subjects performed accurate constant force production with visual feedback removal after the 8th s and the drop in the total force after the removal was computed. There were differences between the right and left hand in some outcome variables such as variance within the UCM, and the timing of anticipatory synergy adjustments prior to the force pulse, consistent with the dynamic dominance hypothesis. There were significant correlations between the two hands for indices that were unrelated to accuracy of performance: variance within the UCM, index of motor equivalence, referent coordinate, apparent stiffness, and the drop of total force after visual feedback removal. We interpret these findings within the concept of stability-optimality trade-off. In particular, we conclude that individual subjects select particular, person-specific solutions within the spectrum allowed by the explicit task constraints, and this choice is consistent between the two hands. We conclude with a hypothesis that selecting specific solutions within the stability-optimality trade-off may represent an individual’s personal preference consistent between the two hands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual preferences in motor coordination seen across the two hands: relations to movement stability and optimality

Freitas

Lewis

et al. 2018

Exp Brain Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Young and colleagues [37] found higher levels of trait-reinvestment in older adults who ‘stopped walking when talking’; that is to say, individuals who were unable to effectively switch attention between two tasks (walking and answering a researcher’s question). If trait-reinvestment does disrupt the allocation of attention between tasks it is, therefore, possible that the previously detailed postural stiffening observed in high-trait-MSC younger adults under conditions of anxiety [59] may not relate to conscious movement control and the freezing of degrees of freedom associated with deliberate control of an automatic movement, as previously suggested [16]. This reinvestment-related stiffening may be a protective mechanism for stabilizing posture, so as to allow disengagement of attention from postural control for purposes of anxiety-related processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gazing into Thin Air: The Dual-Task Costs of Movement Planning and Execution during Adaptive Gait

et al. 2016

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We examined the effect of increased cognitive load on visual search behavior and measures of gait performance during locomotion. Also, we investigated how personality traits, specifically the propensity to consciously control or monitor movements (trait movement ‘reinvestment’), impacted the ability to maintain effective gaze under conditions of cognitive load. Healthy young adults traversed a novel adaptive walking path while performing a secondary serial subtraction task. Performance was assessed using correct responses to the cognitive task, gaze behavior, stepping accuracy, and time to complete the walking task. When walking while simultaneously carrying out the secondary serial subtraction task, participants visually fixated on task-irrelevant areas ‘outside’ the walking path more often and for longer durations of time, and fixated on task-relevant areas ‘inside’ the walkway for shorter durations. These changes were most pronounced in high-trait-reinvesters. We speculate that reinvestment-related processes placed an additional cognitive demand upon working memory. These increased task-irrelevant ‘outside’ fixations were accompanied by slower completion rates on the walking task and greater gross stepping errors. Findings suggest that attention is important for the maintenance of effective gaze behaviors, supporting previous claims that the maladaptive changes in visual search observed in high-risk older adults may be a consequence of inefficiencies in attentional processing. Identifying the underlying attentional processes that disrupt effective gaze behaviour during locomotion is an essential step in the development of rehabilitation, with this information allowing for the emergence of interventions that reduce the risk of falling.

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“…Furthermore, identifying the manner in which emotion and balance interact is important in addressing balance problems and falls in older adults. Older adults at high risk of falling often self-report higher rates of fear of falling as well as movement self-consciousness (Wong et al 2009), which, in turn, is related to a postural stiffening strategy (Huffman et al 2009;Zaback et al 2015). Therefore, using the approach developed for the present study could be used to gradually increase stress in older adults to assess postural responses in a controlled and safe laboratory setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitively and socially induced stress affects postural control

2017

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Postural control is an adaptive process that can be affected by many aspects of human behavior, including emotional contexts. The main emotional contexts that affect postural control are postural threat and passive viewing of aversive or threatening images, both of which produce a reduction in postural sway. The aim of the present study was to assess whether similar stress-related changes in postural sway can be observed using stress induced by social evaluative threat (SET) while performing arithmetic tasks. Twelve young adults performed an arithmetic and a postural control task separately, concurrently, and concurrently with added time pressure in the arithmetic task. In the final condition, participants were given negative feedback about their performance in the arithmetic task and performed it again while being observed (SET condition). Results showed that stress increased linearly with task demand. Postural sway and reaction times were not affected by the first two conditions; however, when time pressure was introduced, reaction times became faster and sway amplitude increased. Finally, introduction of SET caused the predicted reduction in postural sway and an increase in reaction times relative to the time pressure condition. Our results suggest that stress induced using a combination of arithmetic tasks and social evaluative threat leads to systematic changes in postural control. The paradigm developed in the present study would be very useful in assessing interactions between cognition, stress, and postural control in the context of postural instability and falls in older adults.

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Personality traits and individual differences predict threat-induced changes in postural control

Cited by 69 publications

References 53 publications

Individual preferences in motor coordination seen across the two hands: relations to movement stability and optimality

Individual preferences in motor coordination seen across the two hands: relations to movement stability and optimality

Gazing into Thin Air: The Dual-Task Costs of Movement Planning and Execution during Adaptive Gait

Cognitively and socially induced stress affects postural control

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