“…Several researchers have provided evidence for the five-factor structure from parent-report measures in older children and adolescents (e.g., Barbaranelli, Caprara, Rabasca, & Pastorelli, 2003;John, Caspi, Robins, Moffit, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1994), teacher-reports (e.g., Barbaranelli et al, 2003;Digman & Shmelyov, 1996;Goldberg, 2001;Graziano & Ward, 1992;Mervielde, Buyst, & De Fruyt, 1995), and self-reports (e.g., Barbaranelli et al, 2003;De Fruyt, Mervielde, Hoekstra, & Roland, 2000;Markey, Markey, Tinsley, & Erikson, 2002). However, despite several attempts at recovering the same structure in younger samples (e.g., Abe, 2005;Abe & Izard, 1999;Halverson, Havill, Deal, Baker,Victor, Pavlopoulous et al, 2003;Tackett, Slobodskaya, Mar, Deal, Halverson, Baker et al, 2012), the evidence for a five-factor model of personality in childhood remains unclear (e.g., Measelle, John, Ablow, Cowan, & Cowan, 2005;Mervielde et al, 1995). In particular, have argued that more than five traits are necessary to capture the meaningful variance in child temperament/personality.…”