Personality research in a non-Western culture: The Philippines.

Church, A. Timothy

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.2.272

Cited by 131 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…Finally, our conclusion that the observed cultural differences could be accounted for by the individualism-collectivism distinction was based on the traditional view of the sampled cultures along these dimensions in the extant literature (e.g., Church, 1987;Díaz-Loving & Draguns, 1999;Hofstede, 2001). However, as noted in footnote 4, the self-construal scores for some of the cultural samples did not conform to expectations (Church et al, 2012) and did not moderate the cultural differences in moderated multiple regression analyses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consistent with the traditional view of the countries included in this study, we treated the United States and Australia as individualistic and Mexico, Venezuela, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan as relatively collectivistic (Church, 1987;Díaz-Loving & Draguns, 1999;Hofstede, 2001 Dialecticism has been linked primarily to Asian countries, particularly those in East Asia (Peng & Nisbett, 1999). Indeed, Church et al (2012) examined cultural mean differences on these dimensions in the present samples and found that the four Asian cultures averaged higher than the four non-Asian cultures on a self-report measure of dialecticism, with the Chinese and Japanese averaging higher than the Filipinos and Malaysians.…”

Section: Overview Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Church

Katigbak

Ibáñez‐Reyes

et al. 2014

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Western theories suggest that self-concept consistency is important for well-being, but cultural psychologists have proposed that this relationship may be weaker in collectivistic or dialectical cultures. Hypotheses regarding the ability of self-concept (cross-role) consistency and short-term stability to predict hedonic and eudaimonic well-being across cultures were tested. College students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan rated their traits in various roles at test and retest and completed measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In all cultures, cross-role consistency and short-term stability were inversely associated with negative affect, an aspect of hedonic well-being, and positively associated with Big Five Emotional Stability. In contrast, cross-role consistency and short-term stability were related to eudaimonic well-being more reliably in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures, although the results in China only partially conformed to this pattern. We concluded that cross-role variability and short-term instability of self-concepts have a significant temperamental or affective basis and this temperamental basis is a cultural universal. In addition, cultural psychology predictions of a weaker relationship between self-concept consistency and well-being in collectivistic cultures, as compared to individualistic cultures, was largely supported for eudaimonic well-being.Keywords: culture, cross-role consistency, short-term stability, hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing, individualism-collectivism, dialecticism SELF-CONCEPT CONSISTENCY AND WELL-BEING 3 Self-concept consistency has been defined in a variety of ways and different consistency constructs may relate differently to well-being (Campbell, Assanand, & Di Paula, 2003). In the present study, we define self-concept consistency as the consistency of individuals' trait ratings across different roles, and refer to this construct as cross-role consistency (see also Boucher, 2011;Church, Anderson-Harumi et al., 2008) According to theory (e.g., Jahoda, 1958;Jourard, 1965) and empirical findings (Campbell et al., 2003;Church, Anderson-Harumi et al., 2008;Donahue, Robins, Roberts, & John, 1993; Sheldon et al., 1997), a consistent and stable self-concept is important for adjustment or wellbeing, at least in Western or individualistic cultures. However, cultural psychologists have hypothesized that the relationship between consistency and well-being may be weaker or nonexistent in collectivistic cultures, where self-concept flexibility and adaptability to situational contexts are valued (Markus & Kitayama, 1998;Suh, 2002). Indeed, Suh (2002), in a comparison of cross-role consistency in Americans and Koreans, found support for this hypothesis, and attributed the cultural differences to differences in self-construals.Alternatively, English and Chen (2007) and Boucher (2011) attributed the hypothesized weaker relationship between cross-role consistency and well-being in East...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Overview Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Church

Katigbak

Ibáñez‐Reyes

et al. 2014

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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“…But when given a choice about relevant self-constructs, Indian subjects are more likely than Americans to focus on social identity, rather than on self-evaluation (Driver, 1972;Dharwan et al, 1995). Church (1987) in a wide-ranging review of personality constructs relevant for Filipinos, argues for a mixed approach taking account of rural-urban dimensions, and the bicultural presentations which can be made by bilingual speakers: Filipinos 266 could present themselves in a traditional manner as passive and modest in the face of authority; or they could tailor their selfimage to the supposed expectations of a foreign observer (Church, 1987, p. 283). Even a translated questionnaire which was clearly part of a prestigious international study might elicit feelings of pride rather than of humility.…”

Section: Methodological Issues In Cross-cultural Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjustment, Stress and Family Life in Adolescents in Canada, Britain, Hong Kong, India, Pakistan and The Philippines

Bagley

Mallick

Verma

et al. 1999

International Journal of Adolescence and Youth

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Using a normative Canadian study as the baseline for comparison of measures of stress and adjustment, and as the basis for a model predicting poor adjustment following stress in family, school and community, a comparison was made of 2,524 15 and 16-year-olds self-competing questionnaires in school settings in Canada, Britain, Pakistan, India, Hong Kong and The Philippines. Results indicate some cross-cultural validity for the instruments used, implying that there are culturally universal aspects of reaction to stress, in terms of emotional and psychosomatic disorder, conduct disorder and hyperactivity, and impaired self-esteem. Students in Canada, Britain, Hong Kong and The Philippines were the most similar in terms of mean levels of stress and of reactions to stress, whilst students in Pakistan and India were the most dissimilar but in opposite directions, the Indian students having particularly good levels of adjustment. A notable finding was that the McMaster Family Adjustment Device was more successful in predicting problems of emotion and behaviour than were more specific measures of physical and sexual maltreatment.

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“…The Extraversion acts in Table 7 exhibited significant cultural differences in regression intercepts, revealing that Americans reported more frequent socializing and smiling at strangers, whereas Filipinos reported more frequent experiencing of cheerful emotions and tendencies to initiate interactions with shy or new persons. Some of these results may reflect the tendency of Filipinos to maintain a pleasant disposition, while being more guarded with strangers or outgroup members (Church, 1987). Two acts listed under Extraversion in Table 8 were intended to reflect insecurity ("asked for approval and acceptance from my friends") and submissiveness ("gave in to what someone else wanted") in the United States (Botwin & Buss, 1989;Moskowitz, 1994), but were manifestations of Extraversion in the Philippines.…”

Section: Cultural Differences In the Relevance And Prevalence Of Specmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the few definitive instances of differential prevalence of Agreeableness acts, Americans reported more frequently hurting others' feelings or persuading others to do something they did not want to do (Table 7). This difference might again reflect the Filipino emphasis on avoiding conflict and maintaining smooth interpersonal relations (Church, 1987;Lynch, 1973).…”

Section: Cultural Differences In the Relevance And Prevalence Of Specmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture and the behavioural manifestations of traits: an application of the Act Frequency Approach

et al. 2007

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The behavioral manifestations of Big Five traits were compared across cultures using the Act Frequency Approach. American (n = 176) and Filipino (n = 195) students completed a Big Five measure and act frequency ratings for behaviors performed during the past month. Acts for specific traits cohered to an equivalent degree across cultures. In both cultures, the structure of act composites resembled the Big Five and the strength of trait-behavior relationships was very similar. Many acts were multidimensional and analyses revealed cultural commonalities and differences in the relevance and prevalence of acts for the Big Five traits. The results were more consistent with trait than cultural psychology perspectives, because traits predicted behavior equally well, on average, in the two cultures. Keywordsculture; traits; act frequency approach; Big Five Culture and the Behavioral Manifestations of Traits: An Application of the Act Frequency ApproachThe study of personality traits across cultures has expanded rapidly in the past decade (Church, 2000; McCrae, Terracciano, & 79 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project, 2005;Triandis & Suh, 2002). Thus far, trait psychologists have focused primarily on the crosscultural universality of personality trait structure. For example, researchers have found that the Five Factor Model (FFM), comprised of the "Big Five" dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, replicates well across cultures (McCrae & Allik, 2002). 1 More recently, proponents of the FFM have conducted extensive multinational comparisons of Big Five profiles and begun to infer cultural differences in personality trait levels (McCrae et al., 2005), despite the concerns of some crosscultural psychologists that scalar equivalence or full-score comparability might not be achieved in such comparisons (Poortinga, van de Vijver, & van Hemert, 2002).Equally important, but rarely investigated, is the extent to which the behavioral manifestations of traits are comparable across cultures. Such a focus would address fundamental questions Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to A. Timothy Church, Department of Educational Leadership and Counseling Psychology, Cleveland Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2136, USA, church@mail.wsu.edu. 1 Other personality structure models, such as the six-dimensional HEXACO model (Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience), have also replicated well across cultures (Ashton et al., 2004). This has raised questions about the most comprehensive or optimal model of universal personality structure. Our intent in the present article is not to advocate the superiority of the Five-Factor Model over alternative models, but to illustrate how cultural similarities and differences in the behavioral manifestations of personality dimensions can be investigated. The answers to these questions are significant for trait the...

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Personality research in a non-Western culture: The Philippines.

Cited by 131 publications

References 88 publications

Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Relating Self-Concept Consistency to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Eight Cultures

Adjustment, Stress and Family Life in Adolescents in Canada, Britain, Hong Kong, India, Pakistan and The Philippines

Culture and the behavioural manifestations of traits: an application of the Act Frequency Approach

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