Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model: A Test of Facet-Level Predictions

Dyce, Jamie A.; O’Connor, Brian P.

doi:10.1521/pedi.1998.12.1.31

Cited by 139 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…All the Five Factor Model (FFM) domains have been shown to be heritable (Bouchard & Loehlin, 2001). DPD is characterized by high levels of neuroticism and low levels of extraversion, both on the domain (Dyce & O'Connor, 1998) and facet levels (Bagby, Schuller, Marshall, & Ryder, 2004). This pattern, although to a lesser degree, has also been observed for most of the other PDs that were independently related to DPD in our study, and especially for avoidant PD (for review, see Saulsman & Page, 2004).…”

Section: Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Shared With Other Pdssupporting

confidence: 71%

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Co-Occurrence of Depressive Personality Disorder and DSM-IV Personality Disorders

Ørstavik¹,

Kendler²,

Røysamb³

et al. 2012

Journal of Personality Disorders

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One of the main controversies with regard to depressive personality disorder (DPD) concerns the co-occurrence with the established DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs). The main aim of this study was to examine to what extent DPD and the DSM-IV PDs share genetic and environmental risk factors, using multivariate twin modeling. The DSM-IV Structured Interview for Personality was applied to 2,794 young adult twins. Paranoid PD from Cluster A, borderline PD from Cluster B, and all three PDs from Cluster C were independently and significantly associated with DPD in multiple regression analysis. The genetic correlations between DPD and the other PDs were strong (.53-.83), while the environmental correlations were moderate (.36-.40). Close to 50% of the total variance in DPD was disorder specific. However, only 5% was due to disorder-specific genetic factors, indicating that a substantial part of the genetic vulnerability to DPD also increases the vulnerability to other PDs.Depressive personality disorder (DPD) was first formally introduced in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), where it was placed in Appendix B among other diagnostic categories in need of further studies. In the ongoing work on DSM-5, the Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group suggests that DPD is not included as a specific type, but is represented by a combination of core impairment in personality functioning and a set of prominent personality traits (www.dsm5.org).One of the key questions originally posed by the DSM-IV personality disorder (PD) work group was to what extent DPD can be distinguished from Axis I mood disorders and from the 10 established DSM-IV PDs (Phillips, Hirschfeld, Shea, & Gunderson, 1995). Several studies addressing diagnostic overlap have been published, both with regard to mood disorders (Klein & Miller, 1993;Klein & Shih, 1998;McDermut, Zimmerman, & Chelminski, 2003;Ryder, Bagby, & Dion, 2001;Ryder, Bagby, & Schuller, 2002) and PDs (Huprich, 2004;Huprich, Zimmerman, & Chelminski, 2006;Klein & Shih, 1998; © 2012 The Guilford Press Address correspondence to Dr. Ragnhild E. Ørstavik, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Box 4404, Nydalen N-0403, Oslo, Norway; ragnhild.orstavik@fhi.no. This article was accepted under the editorship of Paul S. Links. Markowitz et al., 2005;McDermut et al., 2003), where there is evidence for substantial cooccurrence between DPD and borderline PD in Cluster B and the three Cluster C PDs (for review, see Huprich, 2009). NIH Public AccessAn important criterion for diagnostic validity is familial aggregation (Robins & Guze, 1970). Familial aggregation can be the result of both common genetic or environmental factors, and twin studies can be used to distinguish these causes (Plomin, DeFries, McClearn, & McGuffin, 2001). If twin studies are extended to include multiple disorders, it is possible to examine the causes of familial co-aggregation of several disorders, that is, whether their c...

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Section: Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Shared With Other Pdssupporting

confidence: 71%

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Co-Occurrence of Depressive Personality Disorder and DSM-IV Personality Disorders

Ørstavik¹,

Kendler²,

Røysamb³

et al. 2012

Journal of Personality Disorders

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“…g This is the correlation of the consensus prototype with the correlations between the five-factor model of personality and the measures of personality disorder obtained by Dyce and O'Connor (1998) in a sample of undergraduates. Table 2 presents several measures of agreement among our experts.…”

Section: Personality Disorder Prototype Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reprinted with permission. Numbers in these columns represent empirical correlations between FFM and PD symptoms reported by Dyce and O'Connor (1998).…”

Section: Agreement Among Expertsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach.

Lynam

Widiger²

2001

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

638

737

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This study sought to extend previous work on the five-factor dimensional model (FFM) of personality disorder (PD) by developing more comprehensive FFM descriptions of prototypic cases. Specifically, the authors asked experts in each of the 10 DSM-IV PDs to rate the prototypic case by using all 30 facets of the FFM. Aggregating across raters of the given disorder generated a prototype for each disorder. In general, there was good agreement among experts and with previous theoretical and empirical FFM translations of DSM diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, the ability of the FFM explanation to reproduce the high comorbidity rates among PDs was demonstrated. The authors concluded that, with the possible exception of schizotypal PD, the DSM PDs can be understood from the dimensional perspective of the FFM. Future directions for research, including the use of the present prototypes to "diagnose" personality disorder, are discussed. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual'of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), provides personality disorder diagnostic categories. There is good evidence that these diagnoses identify clinically meaningful maladaptive personality traits; several diagnoses seem especially well-validated, including antisocial (

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“…Several studies have shown that normal personality traits are systematically related to the development of Axis I disorders, such as mood (Bagby et al, 1995), anxiety (Krueger et al, 1996), and substance abuse (Flory et al, 2002). Even stronger are the conceptual and empirical links between the Axis II personality disorders (PDs) and the broad factors and specific facets of the FFM (Dyce & O'Connor, 1998, Bagby et al, 2005. These associations appear to be cross-culturally generalizable.…”

Section: Cross-cultural Perspectives On Personality and Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-cultural studies of personality traits and their relevance to psychiatry

Terracciano¹,

McCrae²

2006

Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc

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Aims-This article provides a brief review of recent cross-cultural research on personality traits at both individual and culture levels, highlighting the relevance of recent findings for psychiatry.Method-In most cultures around the world, personality traits can be clearly summarized by the five broad dimensions of the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which makes it feasible to compare cultures on personality and psychopathology.Results-Maturational patterns and sex differences in personality traits generally show cultural invariance, which generates the hypothesis that age of onset, clinical evolution, and sex differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders might follow similar universal patterns. The average personality profiles from 51 cultures show meaningful geographical distributions and associations with culture-level variables, but are clearly unrelated to national character stereotypes.Conclusions-Aggregate personality scores can potentially be related to epidemiological data on psychiatric disorders, and dimensional personality models have implications for psychiatric diagnosis and treatment around the world.

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Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model: A Test of Facet-Level Predictions

Cited by 139 publications

References 4 publications

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Co-Occurrence of Depressive Personality Disorder and DSM-IV Personality Disorders

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Co-Occurrence of Depressive Personality Disorder and DSM-IV Personality Disorders

Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach.

Cross-cultural studies of personality traits and their relevance to psychiatry

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