“…On average, personality differs between leaders and employees in non-leadership positions (Boudreau et al, 2001;Caliendo et al, 2012;Fietze et al, 2009;Furnham & Crump, 2015;Judge, Bono, et al, 2002;Li et al, 2011;Moutafi et al, 2007;Wells et al, 2016). With respect to the Big Five, leaders tend to be more extraverted, open, emotionally stable, and conscientious but less agreeable than non-leaders (Boudreau et al, 2001;Fietze et al, 2009;Furnham & Crump, 2015;Judge, Bono, et al, 2002;Moutafi et al, 2007;Wells et al, 2016). Leaders are further characterized by higher perceived control (Kerr et al, 2019), self-esteem (Li et al, 2011), risk willingness (Fietze et al, 2009;Kerr et al, 2019), trust (Caliendo et al, 2012), and positive reciprocity as well as lower negative reciprocity (Caliendo et al, 2012).…”