Personality and behavioural change after severe blunt head injury--a relative's view.

Effects of concussion on the blood–brain barrier in humans and rodents

“…The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized neurotrauma severity scale commonly used clinically in humans, which in conjunction with duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), and loss of consciousness (LOC) duration can classify TBI severity. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Although the GCS is a widely used index of TBI severity, there is widespread agreement that improved tools for the classification and subtyping of brain injuries in humans are needed; considerable efforts to develop such tools are underway. 26,27 Other systems, including the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Trauma Score, and Abbreviated Trauma Score, have been developed to classify TBIs.…”

Role of premorbid factors in predicting safe return to driving after severe TBI

“…Driving requires planning, concentration, inhibition of distractors, foresight, anticipation, problem-solving capacities, the ability to interpret rapidly complex arrays of multimodal stimuli, and prompt, effective, and calm reactions. Some post-TBI subjects display a hidden deficit in one or more of these domains and may have loss of emotional control under certain circumstances [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Others may also be unaware of 198 P. Pietrapiana et al…”

Personality and Behavior Changes Subsequent to Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of the Literature

“…Alterations in initiative, loss of social competency, loss of interest in premorbid recreation (Crowe, 2008;Lezak & O'Brien, 1988), loss of empathy (Joseph & Linley, 2008;Slone & Friedman, 2008), increased anger (Crowe, 2008;Golden & Golden, 2003;Lezak, 1987;Prigatano, 1992;Slone & Friedman, 2008), increased isolating behavior, increased irritability (Brooks & McKinlay, 1983;Crowe, 2008;Greve et al, 2001;Tate, 2003;Weddell & Leggett, 2006), social disinhibition, insensitivity, paranoia (Crowe, 2008;Prigatano, 1992;Weddell & Leggett, 2006), increased immaturity (Crowe, 2008;Prigatano, 1992), lack of motivation, loss of spontaneity, increased agitation (Prigatano, 1992), loss of confidence in oneself, loss of drive, lowered self-esteem, increased social isolation (Bigler, 1989), increased neuroticism, decreased extroversion, increased impulsivity (Rush et al, 2006;Tate, 2003), loss of religious faith or spirituality (Calhoun & Tedeschi, 1999), apathy, lost initiative, impatience, loss of trust in others, delusions, disordered eating, narcissism, lost or decreased desire for intimacy, homicidal ideation (Crowe, 2008), and impaired self-awareness (Rush, Malec, Brown, & Moessner, 2006) have all been documented. In addition to these consequences of TBI, all the above cited authors note that depression and anxiety are also very highly correlated with mTBI and TBI as discussed earlier in this review.…”

“…Patients of all TBI severity levels who have supportive family involvement in rehabilitation tend to fair much better and have more successful rehabilitation than those patients without family support (Brooks & McKinlay, 1983;Dausch & Saliman, 2009;Perlick et al, 2011;Prigatano, 1992;Ruzek et al, 2011;Slone & Friedman, 2008). Poor family or social support can have negative effects on treatment outcomes.…”