IntroductionThe increase in knowledge about how people learn (Hattie, 2012;Bransford, Brown & Cocking, 2000;OECD, 2010) has far-reaching implications for initial teacher education. Internationally, there has been greater emphasis on learning (instead of teaching). Research from the educational sciences, psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience has contributed to a broad knowledge base about how learners learn and how learning environments influence learning for different individuals. The evaluation of learning outcomes has also been linked to particular types of instruction and the role of teachers in guiding and designing learning (Gordon et al. 2009;OECD, 2010;Halasz & Michel, 2011). Frustration with educational reform efforts and the need for future citizens to develop a range of competencies for knowledge economies, including social and meta-cognitive skills, have fuelled the desire to improve student learning. The central role played by teachers in this endeavour, not only in influencing student outcomes (Hattie, 2012), but also in bringing about localised changes and paradigm shifts in education systems, should not be underestimated.Changes in what is emphasised in schooling go hand in hand with changes in the methods and tools used for educating people. One example is the relatively recent shift in the way information and communications technology (ICT) is being used in schools. ICT is moving from being a mere tool for accessing knowledge and information to the ubiquity and usefulness as a social connector that can facilitate collaborative learning of students and teachers in multiple ways (Gooding, 2010). The relatively recent development of learning analytics in conjunction with learning management systems is enabling teachers to gain valuable information about individuals and cohorts of learners, but learning analytics can also provide information to personalise feedback for individual or group instruction.Since the major aim of education is to promote student learning, ideas and theories about learning and their application to teaching practice should be a core part of any initial teacher education programme (Darling-Hammond & Bransford, 2005). The evolving concept of learning as it has moved from reinforcement of positive learning behaviours and information processing to more active ways by which learners can make sense of new knowledge using socially mediated or negotiated ways of learning can be explored in terms of developing teachers' adaptive expertise (de Corte, 2010) to meet the needs of their students and to tailor teaching approaches to both learning content and contextual variables. The Nature of Learning has identified the following seven transversal learning principles (OECD, 2010, pp. 14-17): 1. The learning environment recognises the learners as its core participants, encourages their active engagement and develops in them an understanding of their own activity as learners.