Personal UV exposure on a ski-field at an alpine site

Siani, A. M.; Casale, G.; Diémoz, Henri; Agnesod, Giovanni; Kimlin, Michael G.; Lang, Carolyn; Colosimo, Alfredo

doi:10.5194/acpd-8-2745-2008

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…D 3 in the human body) we need information of weighted UV irradiance on arbitrarily oriented surfaces because of highly variable orientation of the human body relative to solar radiation. There are case studies or short campaign focusing on insolation over various parts of the human body that is inferred from the PS badges attached to manikin (e.g., Downs and Parisi, 2007) or human beings (e.g., Siani et al, 2007). The monitoring of UV exposures over longer periods and over many sites is complex issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of UV radiation on rotating vertical plane at the ALOMAR Observatory (69° N, 16° E), Norway, June 2007

et al. 2008

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Abstract. Erythemaly weighted UV and total UV-A irradiance measured at the ALOMAR (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research; 69 • N, 16 • E) in June 2007 by two Kipp & Zonen UV broadband meters type, UV-S-EA-T, are examined. One unit is mounted on rotating vertical plane and the other is permanently fixed horizontally. The UV broadband meters measure simultaneously to compare UV irradiances on vertical and horizontal planes. The entire range of such relative exposure variations during clearsky and overcast conditions over ALOMAR in the period March-June 2007 is examined using STAR and Radonic1 model (developed at the Meteorological Institute, University of Munich) for various action spectra: erythema, UV-A, and vitamin D 3 . The model and observations support that the daily means of relative exposures are quite stable, i.e., vary within the range 0.4-0.6 with the mean around 0.5 when the averaged intra-day, day-to-day, and seasonal changes of the relative erythemal exposures are considered. It seems that multiplication of the daily mean dose from a broadband meter placed horizontally by the factor of 0.5 gives reasonable estimation of the daily mean exposure on a vertically oriented receiver randomly oriented towards the Sun. The model studies during clear-sky conditions show that the extreme value and daily variability of relative exposure are the highest for UV-A, next for erythemal UV, then for vitamin D 3 weighed UV irradiance. The minima of relative exposure (∼0.20-0.30) are almost the same for all weighting functions. The comparison of model simulations and measurements suggests that specific cloud configuration could lead to significant enhancement of UV exposure of rotating receiver.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of UV radiation on rotating vertical plane at the ALOMAR Observatory (69° N, 16° E), Norway, June 2007

et al. 2008

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“…Another study, by the same group, on skiers at a high albedo alpine site found even higher ER values on the forehead, with a median ER of 60%, and sometimes even exceeding 100%. 123 However, large ER values are the exception rather than the rule for the wider population.…”

Section: Personal Exposure To Uv Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation

McKenzie

Aucamp²,

Bais

et al. 2011

Photochem Photobiol Sci

439

279

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The Montreal Protocol is working, but it will take several decades for ozone to return to 1980 levels. The atmospheric concentrations of ozone depleting substances are decreasing, and ozone column amounts are no longer decreasing. Mid-latitude ozone is expected to return to 1980 levels before mid-century, slightly earlier than predicted previously. However, the recovery rate will be slower at high latitudes. Springtime ozone depletion is expected to continue to occur at polar latitudes, especially in Antarctica, in the next few decades. Because of the success of the Protocol, increases in UV-B radiation have been small outside regions affected by the Antarctic ozone hole, and have been difficult to detect. There is a large variability in UV-B radiation due to factors other than ozone, such as clouds and aerosols. There are few long-term measurements available to confirm the increases that would have occurred as a result of ozone depletion. At mid-latitudes UV-B irradiances are currently only slightly greater than in 1980 (increases less than ~5%), but increases have been substantial at high and polar latitudes where ozone depletion has been larger. Without the Montreal Protocol, peak values of sunburning UV radiation could have been tripled by 2065 at mid-northern latitudes. This would have had serious consequences for the environment and for human health. There are strong interactions between ozone depletion and changes in climate induced by increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs). Ozone depletion affects climate, and climate change affects ozone. The successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol has had a marked effect on climate change. The calculated reduction in radiative forcing due to the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) far exceeds that from the measures taken under the Kyoto protocol for the reduction of GHGs. Thus the phase-out of CFCs is currently tending to counteract the increases in surface temperature due to increased GHGs. The amount of stratospheric ozone can also be affected by the increases in the concentration of GHGs, which lead to decreased temperatures in the stratosphere and accelerated circulation patterns. These changes tend to decrease total ozone in the tropics and increase total ozone at mid and high latitudes. Changes in circulation induced by changes in ozone can also affect patterns of surface wind and rainfall. The projected changes in ozone and clouds may lead to large decreases in UV at high latitudes, where UV is already low; and to small increases at low latitudes, where it is already high. This could have important implications for health and ecosystems. Compared to 1980, UV-B irradiance towards the end of the 21st century is projected to be lower at mid to high latitudes by between 5 and 20% respectively, and higher by 2-3% in the low latitudes. However, these projections must be treated with caution because they also depend strongly on changes in cloud cover, air pollutants, and aerosols, all of which are influenced by climate change, and their future is uncertain. S...

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“…D 3 in human body) we need information of weighted UV irradiance on arbitrarily oriented surfaces because of highly variable orientation of human body relative to solar radiation. There are case studies or short campaigns focusing on insolation over various parts of human body that is inferred from PS badges attached to manikin (e.g., Downs and Parisi, 2007) or human beings (e.g., Siani et al, 2007). Monitoring of human UV exposure over longer periods and over many sites is complex issue.…”

Section: Egumentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of UV radiation on rotating vertical plane at the ALOMAR Observatory (69° N, 16° E), Norway, June 2007

Sobolewski¹,

Krzyścin²,

Jarosławski³

et al. 2008

Preprint

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Abstract. Erythemaly weighted UV and total UVA irradiance measured at the ALOMAR (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research; 69° N, 16° E) in June 2007 by two Kipp & Zonen UV broadband meters type, UV-S-AE-T, are examined. One unit is movable and mounted to rotating vertical plane, and the other is permanently fixed horizontally. The UV broadband meters measure simultaneously to allow the comparison of UV irradiances on vertical and horizontal plane. The entire range of relative exposure variations during clear-sky conditions over ALOMAR is examined using STAR and Radonic1 model (developed at the Meteorological Institute, Munich) for various action spectra (erythema, UVA, and vitamin D3). It seems that multiplication of the daily mean dose from a standard broadband meter placed horizontally by 0.5 gives reasonable estimation of the daily mean exposure on a vertical plane randomly oriented towards Sun. The extreme value and daily variability of relative exposure are the highest for UVA, next for UVB, then for vitamin D3 weighed UV irradiance. The minima of relative exposure (~0.20–0.30) are almost the same for all weighting functions. Specific cloud configuration could lead to significant enhancement of UV relative exposure of rotating plane being the most pronounced when biometer is in shadow. A statistical model is proposed, that it is able to simulate vitamin D3 weighted UV irradiances on vertical surface using explanatory variables: erythemal and total UVA irradiance from standard (horizontal) observations by Kipp & Zonen dual band biometer, the orientation of vertical plane, solar zenith angle, and column amount of total ozone. Statistical model will allow to reconstruct (or monitor) vitamin D3 weighted UV irradiances using available past (or actual) data.

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Personal UV exposure on a ski-field at an alpine site

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Measurements of UV radiation on rotating vertical plane at the ALOMAR Observatory (69° N, 16° E), Norway, June 2007

Measurements of UV radiation on rotating vertical plane at the ALOMAR Observatory (69° N, 16° E), Norway, June 2007

Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation

Measurements of UV radiation on rotating vertical plane at the ALOMAR Observatory (69° N, 16° E), Norway, June 2007

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