Personal Space Regulation in Williams Syndrome: The Effect of Familiarity

Lough, Emma; Flynn, Emma; Riby, Deborah M.

doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2864-8

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…According to a previous study by Lough et al ( 25 ), the sample size that can be calculated by G * Power should have 21 participants in each group (α = 0.05, d = 0.8, and power = 80%). In the present study, 24 patients with CLBP and 24 healthy adults were recruited between December 2018 and January 2019 from the Shanghai Shangti Orthopedic Hospital and Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In social interaction, people can automatically regulate interpersonal distance. With high validity and reliability, a stop-distance paradigm is frequently applied to measure the preferred interpersonal distance under various conditions ( 25 , 40 ). At the beginning of a task, a subject and the experimenter faced each other at a distance of 3 m. Four conditions were set: two of them involved completing a task with an unfamiliar person of the same gender (the experimenter was the same gender as the subject), and the two other conditions were undertaken with an unfamiliar person of the opposite gender (the experimenter was the opposite gender as the subject).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have explored the adjustment of interpersonal distance among different groups of people. Lough et al ( 25 ) investigated the differences in personal space adjustment between patients with Williams syndrome and typically developing peers. The findings suggested that patients with Williams syndrome more likely invade others' personal space and maintain a shorter interpersonal distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Chronic Low Back Pain With Personal Space Regulation

et al. 2021

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Background: While most previous studies regarding patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) mainly focused on pain, disability, psychological damage, and intervention measures, the effect of CLBP on personal space remains unclear. The study aimed to assess the personal space of patients with CLBP and healthy controls, explored the differences between the two groups, and examined whether pain, dysfunction, anxiety, and depression affected the personal space regulation.Methods: The cross-sectional study recruited 24 patients with CLBP and 24 healthy controls at Shanghai Shangti Orthopedic Hospital and Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China, from December 2018 to January 2019. A stop-distance paradigm was applied to measure the comfortable and uncomfortable distance under four conditions. A self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and a self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to examine the anxiety and depression levels of all participants. The pain intensity and dysfunction in the CLBP group were evaluated by the numeric rating scale and Roland-Morris questionnaire (RMDQ), respectively.Results: When approaching another individual or when being approached, the interpersonal distance under all the conditions in the CLBP group significantly differed from that in the healthy control group with larger space distances (p < 0.01). Gender had a significant main effect on the regulation of personal space in patients with CLBP (p < 0.05). The average pain intensity, scores on RMDQ, SAS, and SDS had a significant positive correlation with the interpersonal distance under the Same or Opposite Gender condition (p < 0.05).Conclusion: People with CLBP show an atypical personal space behavior and indeed have a greater interpersonal distance to strangers. The higher the pain intensity, dysfunction, anxiety, and depression, the greater the interpersonal distance in patients with CLBP. In the future, the effect and underlying neural mechanisms of pain and negative emotions on social withdrawal in patients should be examined.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Chronic Low Back Pain With Personal Space Regulation

et al. 2021

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“…Both autism and WS include substantial heterogeneity across individuals, including differences in style of social motivation and in level of anxiety. On the whole, previous studies have characterized atypical social motivation in WS as an increased drive toward social engagement (Jones et al, 2000; Vivanti et al, 2016) and increased attention to people and faces (Riby & Hancock, 2008, 2009); additionally, interactions and social approach in WS are not modulated as expected by degree of the familiarity with a partner (Lough et al, 2016; Riby et al, 2014). This increased social drive occurs in parallel with mild‐to‐moderate learning difficulties (Searcy et al, 2004) and difficulties making socio‐cognitive judgments (Tager‐Flusberg & Sullivan, 2000), meaning that this constellation of issues can lead to heightened social vulnerability (Riby et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“Intolerance of uncertainty” mediates the relationship between social profile and anxiety in both Williams syndrome and autism

et al. 2021

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Anxiety is the most significant mental health concern for both Williams syndrome (WS) and autism. Whilst WS and autism are characterized by some syndrome‐specific social differences, less is known about cross‐syndrome profiles of anxiety symptoms. Previous research has shown that Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) is a core mechanism of anxiety maintenance for clinically anxious populations and for autistic children, adolescents, and adults. The only published study in this area for WS has shown some similar patterns—with an added emphasis on the role of sensory sensitivities—in a sample of older teens and adults (mean age = 24), with the authors highlighting the need for younger samples to consider developmental influences. Here we report a cross‐syndrome, cross‐sectional mediation analyses of children diagnosed with WS or autism, including data from parent surveys of 90 children with WS (n = 48) or autism (n = 42). Group differences showed higher trait levels on all measures for the autism group. Importantly, the relationship between social profile and anxiety was fully mediated by IU level for both groups. This suggests possible similar core mechanisms underlying anxiety in these conditions, and the possibility of generalized intervention approaches especially related to managing distress related to uncertainty in multiple contexts. Lay Summary Autism and Williams Syndrome share some similarities in social profile and also in anxiety traits, but there are also some key differences as well. Comparing them side‐by‐side at the same time improved identification of ways to reduce feelings of anxiety. We found that the intolerance of uncertainty affected the relationship between social profile and anxiety in the same way for young children diagnosed with autism or Williams syndrome, meaning that intervention approaches could be similar for both.

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“…The point is someone needs privacy, personal space, and territoriality to get comfort for themselves. When individuals perceive their territory as their territory, it means they have the possibility to prevent any discomfort in their area [26].…”

Section: Privacymentioning

confidence: 99%