Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey

Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study: study design, methods and quality assurance/control results

“…Exposure to several of these air toxics has been associated with neurological, teratological, carcinogenic, or cardiovascular effects (Kjaergaard et al, 1991;Dockery et al, 1993;Caldwell et al, 1998;Lovett et al, 1999;MorelloFrosch et al, 2000;Pope, 2000;Samet et al, 2000;Suh et al, 2000). A number of exposure studies have found that concentrations of personal exposures to VOCs and particulate matter (PM) are frequently higher than outdoor concentrations and, typically, are better correlated with indoor concentrations, suggesting that indoor sources and personal activities strongly influence human exposure to these constituents (Wallace et al, 1984(Wallace et al, , 1985(Wallace et al, , 1986Gordon et al, 1999;Pellizzari et al, 1999;Rojas-Bracho et al, 2000;Bonanno et al, 2001;Jurvelin et al, 2001a, b;Koistinen et al, 2001;Rodes et al, 2001). Results from the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) studies suggested that small sources of VOCs located close to the individual, usually inside the home, are major contributors to personal exposures (Wallace et al, 1985(Wallace et al, , 1986(Wallace et al, , 1987.…”

“…A number of exposure studies have found that concentrations of personal exposures to VOCs and particulate matter (PM) are frequently higher than outdoor concentrations and, typically, are better correlated with indoor concentrations, suggesting that indoor sources and personal activities strongly influence human exposure to these constituents (Wallace et al, 1984(Wallace et al, , 1985(Wallace et al, , 1986Gordon et al, 1999;Pellizzari et al, 1999;Rojas-Bracho et al, 2000;Bonanno et al, 2001;Jurvelin et al, 2001a, b;Koistinen et al, 2001;Rodes et al, 2001). Results from the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) studies suggested that small sources of VOCs located close to the individual, usually inside the home, are major contributors to personal exposures (Wallace et al, 1985(Wallace et al, , 1986(Wallace et al, , 1987. However, contaminants generated by outdoor sources are transported to and penetrate into homes resulting in a baseline exposure to airborne contaminants to which emissions from indoor sources and personal activities add.…”

Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor VOC Exposures in a Probability Sample of Children

“…Past research has shown that indoor VOC concentrations are influenced by outdoor sources, building characteristics, such as presence of an attached garage, and indoor sources, such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and consumer product use (Wallace et al, 1985Cohen et al, 1989;Seifert et al, 1989;Fellin and Otson, 1994;Otson et al, 1994;Kim et al, 2001). Characterizing potential sources and modifiers of VOC exposure is important for interpreting exposure data, estimating health risks, and recommending interventions if exposure prevention is warranted.…”

Residence location as a measure of environmental exposure: a review of air pollution epidemiology studies

“…Residence location has been widely used because it is convenient and inexpensive to derive and thought to be broadly applicable. The indicator can also be easily supplemented with other exposure assessment methods, e.g., air, water and soil monitoring (Baker et al, 1978;Neuberger et al, 1990;Spengler et al, 1996 ), personal monitoring ( Wallace et al, 1986 ) , biological monitoring (Trepka et al, 1997 ), and mathematical modeling (Thibodeaux and Lipsky, 1985;Sedman and Esparza, 1991 ).…”