Personal exposure to air pollutants in a Bus Rapid Transit System: Impact of fleet age and emission standard

Betancourt, R. Morales; Gálvis, Boris; Rincón-Riveros, Juan Manuel; Rincón-Caro, Maria Alejandra; Rodríguez-Valencia, Álvaro; Sarmiento, Olga L.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.026

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Furthermore, large variability in population exposure arises from human activity, population mobility, transport usage, and building characteristics (Georgopoulos et al, 2005). Therefore, to study the health risk on specific population groups -such as children, elderly people, asthma patients, or pregnant women (Olsson et al, 2014), or the health effects of co-pollutants (Olstrup et al, 2019b, a;Valari et al, 2011), or the risk associated with living or working near busy roads (Lipfert and Wyzga, 2008;Miranda et al, 2013) -one has to account for pollutant concentration at district level, population dynamics, and exposure indoors and during transport (Franklin et al, 2012;Hodas et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O3 and PM2.5

et al. 2020

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Abstract. This paper presents the first version of the regional-scale personal exposure model EXPLUME (EXposure to atmospheric PolLUtion ModEling). The model uses simulated gridded data of outdoor O3 and PM2.5 concentrations and several population and building-related datasets to simulate (1) space–time activity event sequences, (2) the infiltration of atmospheric contaminants indoors, and (3) daily aggregated personal exposure. The model is applied over the greater Paris region at 2 km×2 km resolution for the entire year of 2017. Annual averaged population exposure is discussed. We show that population mobility within the region, disregarding pollutant concentrations indoors, has only a small effect on average daily exposure. By contrast, considering the infiltration of PM2.5 in buildings decreases annual average exposure by 11 % (population average). Moreover, accounting for PM2.5 exposure during transportation (in vehicle, while waiting on subway platforms, and while crossing on-road tunnels) increases average population exposure by 5 %. We show that the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and O3 exposure is similar to the concentration maps over the region, but the exposure scale is very different when accounting for indoor exposure. We model large intra-population variability in PM2.5 exposure as a function of the transportation mode, especially for the upper percentiles of the distribution. Overall, 20 % of the population using bicycles or motorcycles is exposed to annual average PM2.5 concentrations above the EU target value (25 µg m−3), compared to 0 % for people travelling by car. Finally, we develop a 2050 horizon projection of the building stock to study how changes in the buildings' characteristics to comply with the thermal regulations will affect personal exposure. We show that exposure to ozone will decrease by as much as 14 % as a result of this projection, whereas there is no significant impact on exposure to PM2.5.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O3 and PM2.5

et al. 2020

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“…In Vancouver, both of these bus types are similar in their percent reductions while in Toronto, the "2007diesel' class" reductions surpassed that of the hybrid diesel class. Similar work examining the impact of bus fleet emission standards on in-bus TRAP exposures was also conducted in the bus rapid transit system of Bogotà, Columbia [41]. This research featured monitoring over 10 months of a year and Vancouver 1.9 (0.6) --"-" denotes no evidence of higher stations exposures, relative to bus stops.…”

Section: Impact Of Bus Propulsion Emission Reduction Systems On Ridinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution in three Canadian bus transit systems: the Urban Transportation Exposure Study

Ryswyk

Evans

Kulka

et al. 2020

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is associated with increased incidence of several cardiopulmonary diseases. The elevated TRAP exposures of commuting environments can result in significant contributions to daily exposures. Objectives To assess the personal TRAP exposures (UFPs, BC, PM 2.5 , and PM 10) of the bus transit systems of Toronto, Ottawa, and Vancouver, Canada. Personal exposure models estimated the contribution of bus commuting to daily TRAP exposures. Associations between bus type and riding exposures and bus stop/station type and waiting exposures were estimated. Results Bus commuting (4.6% of the day) contributed~59%(SD = 15%), 60%(SD = 20%), and 57%(SD = 18%) of daily PM 2.5-Ba and 70%(SD = 19%), 64%(SD = 15%), and 70%(SD = 15%) of daily PM 2.5-Fe, in Toronto, Ottawa, and Vancouver, respectively. Enclosed bus stations were found to be hotspots of PM 2.5 and BC. Buses with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and hybrid diesel/electric propulsion were found to have significantly lower in-bus PM 2.5 , UFP, and BC relative to 1983-2003 diesel buses in each city with the exception of UFP in Vancouver. Significance Personal exposures for traffic-related air pollutants were assessed for three Canadian bus transit systems. In each system, bus commuting was estimated to contribute significantly toward daily exposures of fine-fraction Ba and Fe as well as BC. Exposures while riding were associated with bus type for several pollutants in each city. These associations suggest the use of hybrid diesel/electric buses equipped with diesel particulate filters have improved air quality for riders.

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“…A subway system was built in Medellin in the 1980s but the one planned for Bogotá has been postponed for decades because of the barriers mounted by special interests. Bogotá introduced Transmilenio, an extensive Bus Rapid Transit System, more than twenty years ago but the buses use Diesel [7]. Citizen and experts' requests that the buses use natural gas went unheard.…”

Section: Air Pollution In Bogotá and Medellinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occasional restrictions on the circulation of private vehicles and heavy trucks when contamination levels reach alarming levels result in even higher PM 2.5 and PM 10 measurements because industries and small businesses resort to older, smaller vehicles and public transport circulation increases. Recent research has determined that despite unsubstantiated claims to the contrary by the Mayor of Bogotá, Enrique Peñalosa, particulate levels inside the buses of Transmilenio, the Bus Rapid Transit System are dangerously high, and they are even higher in some bus stations in the system [7].…”

Section: Air Pollution In Bogotá and Medellinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pollution, Citizen Data Collectives and Communication Agenda Setting in Colombia

VALENCIA

Fonseca

2019

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Air pollution levels in the cities of Bogotá and Medellín (Colombia) are now reaching dangerous levels, as measured by the few government monitoring stations available and operative. So far, government actions have focused on enforcing private car and industrial emission limits, prohibiting the circulation of vehicles for a few days during particularly polluted periods and vague promises of switching a percentage of public transport vehicles to alternative power. Official measurements are increasingly being reported in the national and local media, as well as through social media, but citizen distrust of their quality has mounted. Citizen collectives are starting to work designing low-cost mobile sensors, monitoring pollution in some areas and in public transport, sharing their georeferenced data over the internet and trying to raise awareness of the dangers of pollution and the necessity of radical actions to deal with the problem. This paper describes the current actions of some of these citizen collectives and their results in setting the media and public agenda on air pollution problems.

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Personal exposure to air pollutants in a Bus Rapid Transit System: Impact of fleet age and emission standard

Cited by 44 publications

References 56 publications

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O<sub>3</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O<sub>3</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>

Personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution in three Canadian bus transit systems: the Urban Transportation Exposure Study

Air Pollution, Citizen Data Collectives and Communication Agenda Setting in Colombia

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Personal exposure to air pollutants in a Bus Rapid Transit System: Impact of fleet age and emission standard

Cited by 44 publications

References 56 publications

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;

Personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution in three Canadian bus transit systems: the Urban Transportation Exposure Study

Air Pollution, Citizen Data Collectives and Communication Agenda Setting in Colombia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O<sub>3</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>

EXPLUME v1.0: a model for personal exposure to ambient O<sub>3</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>