Person-to-Person Spread of Salmonella Typhimurium After a Hospital Common-Source Outbreak

Steere, Allen C.; Hall, William N.; Wells, JoyG; Craven, PhilipJ.; Leotsakis, Nicholas; Farmer, J. J.; Gangarosa, EugeneJ.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)91221-0

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Relatively little information is available on this subject; published data implicating environmental contamination as a direct source of infection is mainly circumstantial (Datta & Pridie, 1960;Steere et al 1975;Palmer et al 1981). Compared to the hospital situation, the normal healthy adult is fairly resistant to infection, although certain individuals such as neonates or persons with reduced resistance due to disease or drug therapy must constitute an increased risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of disinfectants in the domestic environment under ‘in use’ conditions

Scott¹,

Bloomfield²,

Barlow³

1984

J. Hyg.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYAn 'in use' test was developed to investigate effectiveness of disinfectant application and of detergent of hot water cleaning at kitchen, bathroom and toilet sites in the domestic environment. Detergent and hot water cleaning produced no observable reduction in microbial contamination. Single and daily application tests demonstrated that hypochlorite and phenolic disinfectants can be used to produce substantial reductions in bacterial contamination in the home. Results indicate that maximum protection afforded by disinfection is relatively brief; 3-6 h after disinfection, contamination levels were only marginally less than those observed at pretreatment. Some suggestions are made for improvements in home hygiene.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of disinfectants in the domestic environment under ‘in use’ conditions

Scott¹,

Bloomfield²,

Barlow³

1984

J. Hyg.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The infectious dose decreases when Salmonella is consumed with food that traverses the stomach rapidly (i.e., liquids) or with food that neutralizes the stomach acidity (i.e., cheese, milk) (234). Individuals with high gastric pH, such as the elderly, are more susceptible to infection (15,32,95,208,222,241,242). It has also been shown that pretreatment of mice with streptomycin, which reduces the amount of the normal flora, decreases the dose of Salmonella required to infect 50% of the mice (35); similar effects of antibiotic treatment have been observed in humans (214).…”

Section: General Description Of Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Basis of the Interaction ofSalmonellawith the Intestinal Mucosa

1999

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Salmonella is one of the most extensively characterized bacterial pathogens and is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Despite this, we are only just beginning to understand at a molecular level how Salmonella interacts with its mammalian hosts to cause disease. Studies during the past decade on the genetic basis of virulence of Salmonella have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction, yet many questions remain. In this review, we focus on the interaction of enterocolitis-causing salmonellae with the intestinal mucosa, since this is the initiating step for most infections caused by Salmonella. Animal and in vitro cell culture models for the interaction of these bacteria with the intestinal epithelium are reviewed, along with the bacterial genes that are thought to affect this interaction. Lastly, recent studies on the response of epithelial cells to Salmonella infection and how this might promote diarrhea are discussed.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another hospital Salm. typhimurium outbreak, secondary spread was reported in staff whose only contact with infected patients involved handling sheets and specimen bottles (Steere et al 1975). From a US study of household contacts of infants with Salmonella gastroenteritis, Rosenstein (1967) reported that 34Á7% had Salmonella bacteria in their stools and 19% showed symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis

2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The survival and environmental spread of Salmonella bacteria from domestic toilets was examined in homes, where a family member had recently suffered an attack of salmonellosis. In four out of six households tested, Salmonella bacteria persisted in the biofilm material found under the recess of the toilet bowl rim which was difficult to remove with household toilet cleaners. In two homes Salmonella bacteria became incorporated into the scaly biofilm adhering to the toilet bowl surface below the water line. Salmonella enteritidis persisted in one toilet for 4 weeks after the diarrhoea had stopped, despite the use of cleaning fluids. Salmonellas were not isolated from normally dry areas such as, the toilet seat, the flush handle and door handle. Toilet seeding experiments were set up with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 to mimic environmental conditions associated with acute diarrhoea. Flushing the toilet resulted in contamination of the toilet seat and the toilet seat lid. In one out of three seedings, Salmonella bacteria were also isolated from an air sample taken immediately after flushing, indicating that airborne spread of the organism could contaminate surfaces in the bathroom. In the seeded toilet Salmonella bacteria were isolated from the biofilm in the toilet bowl below the waterline for up to 50 d after seeding, and also on one occasion from the bowl water. The results suggest that during diarrhoeal illness, there is considerable risk of spread of Salmonella infection to other family members via the environment, including contaminated hands and surfaces in the toilet area.

show abstract

Person-to-Person Spread of Salmonella Typhimurium After a Hospital Common-Source Outbreak

Cited by 36 publications

References 11 publications

Evaluation of disinfectants in the domestic environment under ‘in use’ conditions

Evaluation of disinfectants in the domestic environment under ‘in use’ conditions

Molecular Basis of the Interaction ofSalmonellawith the Intestinal Mucosa

Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About