Persistent Plethodontid Themes: Species, Phylogenies, and Biogeography

Wake, David B.

doi:10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00065.1

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Diagnosis: A large (males to more than 80 mm SL; females to more than 85 mm SL) member of the Aneides flavipunctatus complex, subgenus Aneides (two subgenera in the genus, proposed by Dubois & Raffaelli, 2012, and discussed by Wake, 2016), distinguished from members of the subgenus Castaneides by larger size ( A. aeneus less than 70 SL) and more robust body and tail, with relatively much shorter limbs and digits and blackish rather than greenish coloration. Distinguished from other members of subgenus Aneides as follows: from A. hardii by its much larger size ( A. hardii less than 60 SL), more robust head, body and tail, and subdued sexual dimorphism; from the somewhat larger A. lugubris (some individuals exceed 100 mm SL) by darker ground coloration, more robust and less prehensile and tapered tail, and much shorter limbs and digits; from A. ferreus and A. vagrans by larger size (these species rarely exceed 75 mm SL), more robust and less prehensile and tapered tail, and much shorter limbs and digits.…”

Section: Systematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of theAneides flavipunctatuscomplex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)

Reilly

Wake

2019

PeerJ

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We present a taxonomic revision of the black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus) complex of northwestern California and extreme southeastern Oregon. The revision is based on a number of published works as well as new molecular and morphological data presented herein. The subspecies Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers & Maslin 1948 is raised in rank to a full species. It is isolated far to the south of the main range on the San Francisco Peninsula, south and west of San Francisco Bay. Another geographically isolated set of populations occurs well inland in Shasta County, northern CA, mainly in the vicinity of Shasta Lake. It is raised from synonymy and recognized as Aneides iecanus (Cope 1883). The remaining taxa occur mainly along and inland from the coast from the vicinity of the Russian River and Lake Berryessa/Putah Creek, north to the vicinity of the Smith River near the Oregon border and more inland along the Klamath and Trinity Rivers and tributaries into Oregon. The northern segment of this nearly continuous range is named Aneides klamathensis Reilly and Wake 2019. We use molecular data to provide a detailed examination of a narrow contact zone between the northern A. klamathensis and the more southern A. flavipunctatus in southern Humboldt County in the vicinity of the Van Duzen and main fork of the Eel rivers. To the south is the remnant of the former species and it takes the name Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch 1870). It is highly diversified morphologically and genetically and requires additional study.

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Section: Systematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of theAneides flavipunctatuscomplex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)

Reilly

Wake

2019

PeerJ

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“…This genus is the most diverse and geographically widespread lineage of plethodontid salamanders inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. Currently, Bolitoglossa comprises 134 species, 24 of which reside in Colombia across several types of tropical habitats (Wake, 2017;Acosta-Galvis, 2020;Frost, 2020). Many species of Bolitoglossa exhibit restricted geographic ranges (e.g., Bolitoglossa capitana (Brame & Wake, 1963), B. hypacra (Brame & Wake, 1962), B. hiemalis (Lynch, 2001), among others).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, habitat suitability, conservation state and natural history of endangered salamanderBolitoglossa pandi

Angarita–Sierra

Bonilla-Gómez

Sánchez

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Background Pandi’s mushroom-tongue salamander (Bolitoglossa pandi) is one of the threatened amphibians in South America, as well as a flagship species for the Colombian conservation agenda. This species is endemic to the Andean cloud forests of the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, occurring only in the department of Cundinamarca within a narrow elevational range. At night, B. pandi can be seen perching on the upper side of leaves at heights ranging from ground level to 2.5 m. During the day, it can be found under leaf litter or cover objects. Few studies have provided relevant information that can help the Colombian government to formulate lines of action for the conservation of this species; consequently, its threat assessments so far have been based on very limited information. Methods We conducted surveys for salamanders in four municipalities of Cundinamarca, Colombia, using two approaches: visual encounter surveys (Guaduas and Villeta) and the basic sampling protocol for single-species occupancy modeling (Supatá and Venecia). Multivariate analyses were employed to explore the correlation between habitat structure and natural history traits, abundance, and detection/non-detection of B. pandi. We evaluated the B. pandi activity pattern through kernel density curves for each sampling occasion and explored the variability of salamander abundance during their activity period by performing a nested ANOVA. Results We report the discovery of two new populations of B. pandi, which represent the most northwestern records known. A significant correlation between body length, body mass, and habitat structure was observed. Multivariate analyses indicated that leaf litter depth, mean temperature, percent vegetation cover, and altitude were the habitat variables that together explained 60.3% of the B. pandi abundance variability, as well as the main determinants of its optimal habitat. Bolitoglossa pandi exhibits an activity pattern characterized by two main activity peaks, in which niche time-partitioning was observed. Across the surveyed area, we found a healthy, stable, highly dense population of B. pandi (>1,300 individuals), with seasonal variability between development stages. Discussion Given the high habitat specificity of B. pandi, the species is highly vulnerable to local changes. Thus, we recommend that B. pandi be retained as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List, based on the IUCN Criterion B, given its restricted extent of occurrence (ca. 2,500 km2) and the ongoing threats from agriculture, cattle ranching, logging, and urban development, which continue to reduce its suitable habitat.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #2 of "Distribution, habitat suitability, conservation state and natural history of endangered salamander Bolitoglossa pandi (v0.2)"

Hernández¹

2020

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Background. Pandi's mushroom-tongue salamander (Bolitoglossa pandi) is one of the threatened amphibians in South America, as well as a flagship species for the Colombian conservation agenda. This species is endemic to the Andean cloud forests of the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, occurring only in the department of Cundinamarca within a narrow elevational range. At night, B. pandi can be seen perching on the upper side of leaves at heights ranging from ground level to 2.5 m. During the day, it can be found under leaf litter or cover objects. Few studies have provided relevant information that can help the Colombian government to formulate lines of action for the conservation of this species; consequently, its threat assessments so far have been based on very limited information. Methods. We conducted surveys for salamanders in four municipalities of Cundinamarca, Colombia, using two approaches: visual encounter surveys (Guaduas and Villeta) and the basic sampling protocol for single-species occupancy modeling (Supatá and Venecia). Multivariate analyses were employed to explore the correlation between habitat structure and natural history traits, abundance, and detection / non-detection of B. pandi. We evaluated the B. pandi activity pattern through kernel density curves for each sampling occasion and explored the variability of salamander abundance during their activity period by performing a nested ANOVA. Results. We report the discovery of two new populations of B. pandi, which represent the most northwestern records known. A significant correlation between body length, body mass, and habitat structure was observed. Multivariate analyses indicated that leaf litter depth, mean temperature, percent vegetation cover, and altitude were the habitat variables that together explained 60.3% of the B. pandi abundance variability, as well as the main determinants of its optimal habitat. Bolitoglossa pandi exhibits an activity pattern characterized by two main activity peaks, in which niche time-partitioning was observed. Across the surveyed area, we found a healthy, stable, highly dense population of B. pandi (>1300 individuals), with seasonal variability between development stages. Discussion. Given the high habitat specificity of B. pandi, the species is highly vulnerable to local changes. Thus, we recommend that B. pandi be retained as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List, based

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Persistent Plethodontid Themes: Species, Phylogenies, and Biogeography

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of theAneides flavipunctatuscomplex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)

Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of theAneides flavipunctatuscomplex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)

Distribution, habitat suitability, conservation state and natural history of endangered salamanderBolitoglossa pandi

Peer Review #2 of "Distribution, habitat suitability, conservation state and natural history of endangered salamander Bolitoglossa pandi (v0.2)"

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