Persistent Osteomyelitis

Kemmer, A.; Stein, T. P.; Hierholzer, Christian

doi:10.1007/1-4020-4448-8_21

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 24 publications

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“…It is worth mentioning that the evaporation rate is dependent on the amount of water entering the cooling tower and the difference between the cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures. This equation is nonlinear due to the multiplication of the continuous variables. Kemmer determined that drift losses should not exceed 0.2% of the total circulating water flowrate in well-designed cooling towers. From constraint , it can be seen that a worst case scenario has been assumed for drift losses. Blowdown is defined in constraint .…”

Section: Mathematical Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Optimization Framework for the Design and Scheduling of Batch Cooling Water Networks

Dippenaar

Majozi

2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Cooling water system (CWS) research traditionally focuses on the interactions between the cooling water network (CWN) and cooling tower performance, with a continuous background process. Very limited research has considered the integration of batch production and utility systems. This work presents a mathematical framework for the synthesis and optimization of a CWS consisting of multiple cooling towers operating with a batch background process. The CWN exhibits a series configuration, which is characterized by cooling water reuse. A batch CWS superstructure is developed which represents all different pairings between the cooling towers and the batch background network. It is worth mentioning that in previous research, the utilization of cooling water reuse opportunities was constrained by temperature only; however, due to the nature of batch processing, the utilization of cooling water reuse opportunities is subject to both temperature and time constraints. The benefits of this research for retrofit design is the increase in cooling tower availability. In the case of grassroots design, the capital expenditure for cooling tower capacity is reduced. The mathematical model is developed as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem within the GAMS platform. The MINLP is solved by making use of the BARON solver ensuring global optimality. Two illustrative examples are presented. Results indicate a 0.45% increase in the annual profit, a reduction of 42.1% in the total recirculating cooling water requirement, and a 25.3% increase in the average overall cooling tower effectiveness. Capital costs and plant area savings were introduced through a reduction in the number of cooling towers required from 3 to 2. The makeup water consumed was also reduced by 6.3%; this reduced the operational costs and plant water footprint. One of the drawbacks of the model presented is the computational time requirement. Future work will address this concern by implementing decomposition and investigating the use of alternative batch background scheduling formulations.

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Section: Mathematical Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%