Abstract:Currently, monitoring of persistent organic pollutant (POP) content in various biological and environmental matrixes in the Arctic is an urgent task. The present study focused on the determination of POPs such as: PCB#28, PCB#52, PCB#101, PCB#105, PCB#118, PCB#123, PCB#153, PCB#128, p,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, o,p’-DDD, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, mirex, 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in fish consumed by the indigenous pe… Show more
“…In order to achieve a practical and reliable method, several preparation methods have been developed. Extraction by a solvent is the classic sample preparation technique, which includes liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), soxhlet extraction, solid-liquid extraction (SLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic extraction (USE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Improved extraction methods, such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), can increase the diffusion rate and solubility of interferences into the matrix [23,24].…”
Section: Preparation Methods For the Analysis Of Svocs Or Thermally Stable Compoundsmentioning
Food safety and quality have been gaining increasing attention in recent years. Gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS), a highly sensitive technique, is gradually being preferred to GC–MS in food safety laboratories since it provides a greater degree of separation on contaminants. In the analysis of food contaminants, sample preparation steps are crucial. The extraction of multiple target analytes simultaneously has become a new trend. Thus, multi-residue analytical methods, such as QuEChERs and adsorption extraction, are fast, simple, cheap, effective, robust, and safe. The number of microorganic contaminants has been increasing worldwide in recent years and are considered contaminants of emerging concern. High separation in MS/MS might be, in certain cases, favored to sample preparation selectivity. The ideal sample extraction procedure and purification method should take into account the contaminants of interest. Moreover, these methods should cooperate with high-resolution MS, and other sensitive full scan MSs that can produce a more comprehensive detection of contaminants in foods. In this review, we discuss the most recent trends in preparation methods for highly effective detection and analysis of food contaminants, which can be considered tools in the control of food quality and safety.
“…In order to achieve a practical and reliable method, several preparation methods have been developed. Extraction by a solvent is the classic sample preparation technique, which includes liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), soxhlet extraction, solid-liquid extraction (SLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic extraction (USE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Improved extraction methods, such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), can increase the diffusion rate and solubility of interferences into the matrix [23,24].…”
Section: Preparation Methods For the Analysis Of Svocs Or Thermally Stable Compoundsmentioning
Food safety and quality have been gaining increasing attention in recent years. Gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS), a highly sensitive technique, is gradually being preferred to GC–MS in food safety laboratories since it provides a greater degree of separation on contaminants. In the analysis of food contaminants, sample preparation steps are crucial. The extraction of multiple target analytes simultaneously has become a new trend. Thus, multi-residue analytical methods, such as QuEChERs and adsorption extraction, are fast, simple, cheap, effective, robust, and safe. The number of microorganic contaminants has been increasing worldwide in recent years and are considered contaminants of emerging concern. High separation in MS/MS might be, in certain cases, favored to sample preparation selectivity. The ideal sample extraction procedure and purification method should take into account the contaminants of interest. Moreover, these methods should cooperate with high-resolution MS, and other sensitive full scan MSs that can produce a more comprehensive detection of contaminants in foods. In this review, we discuss the most recent trends in preparation methods for highly effective detection and analysis of food contaminants, which can be considered tools in the control of food quality and safety.
“…With regard to the TPCB6 in C. harengus [42] reported lower TPCB values of 0.1 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg in samples of Bream (Sparus aurata), Perch (Perca fluviatilis), Roach (Rutilus rutilus) and Northern Pike (Esox lucius) respectively from the Lakes of Warmia and Mazury Regions in Poland. On the other hand [43] reported much higher TPCB values of 1.58 mg/kg and 1.54 mg/kg in samples of the Arctic char (Salvielinus alpinus) and Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) respectively from the Nenets Autonomous Okrug region of Russia. The authors however recorded a comparable TPCB value of 0.32 mg/kg in the Northern Pike (Esox lucius) from the same region.…”
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which have been described as organohalogenic and legacy contaminants that are hazardous to both wildlife and man. The paucity of ecotoxicological data on the PCB content in commercially important fish in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria, warranted this research. In this stead, the PCB profile in the Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus, Family: Clupeidae, mean length=31.59 cm; Mean weight=274.98 g) marketed in Benin Metropolis, was determined via Gas Chromatographic technique in order to evaluate its suitability for human consumption and to provide baseline data for this contaminant in commercially important fish species. The summary statistics for the mean concentrations of detectable PCBs in C. harengus ranged from 0.019 mg/kg (PCB 118, 156) to 0.434 mg/kg (PCB 126), with a total of 0.581 mg/kg (w/w) while the mean concentrations of PCBs in C. harengus by market ranged from 0.012 mg/kg (PCB 118) at Santana market to 0.526 mg/kg (PCB 126) at New Benin market with no observed significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean concentrations of PCBs in fish between markets. The toxicity quotient (TQ) values for PCBs in C. harengus ranged from 0.0095 (PCB 118, 156) to 0.217(PCB 126) while the estimated daily intake (EDI) values in mg/person/day for PCBs ranged from 0.00076 (PCB 118, 156) to 0.017 (PCB 126). A toxic equivalency (TEQ) value of 0.04342 while the total PCB content in C. harengus according to market ranged from 0.469 mg/kg (Santana market) to 0.658 mg/kg (Uselu market). The total toxicity of mixtures (TTM) index was 0.291. The PCB levels in fish decreased below International threshold values suggesting suitability for human consumption. Continous monitoring of this fish species for toxic concentrations of PCBs was proferred.
“…For comparison in other Indigenous communities in Canada and globally, traditional foods such as fish (e.g., arctic char) and marine mammals (e.g., whale) are contaminated with PCB congener 153—and other PCBs—and are the probable route of exposure, following consumption, to PCB congener 153 (Curren et al 2015 ; Lakhmanov et al 2020 ; Muckle et al 2001 ; Singh et al 2014 ). Consequently, there may be a risk to human health consuming these traditional foods, although most studies indicate the risk is slight, as does our study following the consumption of goose.…”
Hunting, trapping, and fishing are part of an Indigenous lifestyle in subarctic Canada. However, this lifestyle may be a route of exposure to contaminants and may pose a risk for the people who rely on a subsistence diet. Monte Carlo simulations for the chemical concentration of eight game species and one fish species were carried out by randomly sampling 10,000 samples from the contaminant measures for each species. We then calculated a probabilistic non-carcinogenic hazard quotient or carcinogenic risk values to estimate the human health risk of exposure to contaminants. Of the species examined, ducks were of concern for potential carcinogenic risk. There was a modeled probabilistic 95th-percentile risk associated with the consumption of ducks and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) congener 153 in boys, women, and men (1.09 × 10−6, 1.57 × 10−6, and 2.17 × 10−6, respectively) and, to a lesser extent, with geese and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 153 in men (1.19 × 10−6). Contaminant concentration in the intake rate (food consumption) for PBB congener 153 exposure risk was more important than that for PCB congener 153, where intake rate had greater relevance. The consumption of waterfowl may increase the exposure to organohalogens; however, there are health and wellness benefits associated with the harvesting and consumption of subsistence foods that must also be considered. We recommend follow-up species-specific studies focused on ducks to clarify and elucidate the results in the present study.
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