Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: A biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium)

Croes, Kim; Colles, Ann; Koppen, Gudrun; Govarts, Eva; Bruckers, Liesbeth; Mieroop, Els Van de; Nelen, Vera; Dirtu, Alin C.; Thomsen, Cathrine; Haug, Line Småstuen; Mampaey, Maja; Schoeters, Greet; Larebeke, Nicolas Van; Baeyens, Willy

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058

Cited by 102 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…27, 28 Both PCBs and OH-PCBs are detected in the breastmilk. 55, 56 It has been suggested that body burden of PCBs in women could possibly be reduced via lactation 16 while Knutsen et al noted that childbirth also reduces body burden of PCBs. 57 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites are associated with demographic and behavioral factors in children and mothers

Koh

Hornbuckle

Kai

et al. 2016

Environment International

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Factors contributing to the inter-individual variation in body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) have not been fully elucidated. We examined associations between total serum concentrations of 209 PCBs, 64 OH-PCBs, and frequently detected individual congeners with demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity and community of residence), body mass index (BMI or BMI percentile), and breastfeeding history in children and their mothers from 83 U.S. households. There was a significant positive association between age and concentrations of total PCBs and OH-PCBs in mothers. Non- Hispanics had significantly higher concentrations of total PCBs in mothers and OH-PCBs in children than Hispanics. Concentrations of total PCBs were significantly lower in mothers who had longer breastfeeding duration. Living in the Columbus Junction, Iowa community as compared to East Chicago, Indiana was associated with higher total PCBs in children, probably attributable to higher exposures at school. Lower concentrations of OH-PCBs were significantly associated with a higher BMI percentile in children. Congener-specific associations were observed for 30 PCB and 12 OH-PCB congeners and followed comparable trends. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine factors contributing to variations in serum concentrations of total 209 PCBs and total OH-PCBs in children, as well as to examine ethnic differences in OH-PCB levels. Results from this study revealed that demographic characteristics, body mass index and breastfeeding history are factors that should be considered for human exposure and risk assessment of PCBs and OH-PCBs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites are associated with demographic and behavioral factors in children and mothers

Koh

Hornbuckle

Kai

et al. 2016

Environment International

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“…In infants, occurrence of PFASs is attributed to placental transfer while in the womb, and breastfeeding post-partum. 17 It is estimated that 94% of PFOS intake and 83% of PFOA intake in 6 month-olds is attributable to lactational exposure. 18 Model simulations and empirical data have demonstrated that daily intake through breastfeeding and the resulting internal PFAS levels can be higher in nursing infants than in mothers.…”

Section: 16mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016

Nyberg

Awad

Bignert

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of 19 per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in human milk collected in Stockholm (1972Stockholm ( -2016 and Gothenburg (2007Gothenburg ( -2015, Sweden. Overall these data indicate that exposure to some legacy PFASs via breastmilk is declining, presumably as a result of regulation and phase-out initiatives. However, increasing concentrations for other PFASs and a shift in the overall PFAS profile in recent years may pose an ongoing health risk to infants. Environmental signicancePer-and polyuoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are anthropogenic substances which contaminate human blood globally. In breastfed infants, human milk is among the most important sources of PFAS exposure. Characterizing PFAS levels and time trends in breast milk is therefore important for assessing risks to infants. In the present work, we analyzed 19 PFASs (plus branched isomers) in human breastmilk from Stockholm (1972Stockholm ( -2016 and Gothenburg (2007Gothenburg ( -2015 and examined inter-individual and inter-city differences, along with temporal trends using change-point detection. Overall, concentrations, proles, and interindividual variability were similar in milk from Stockholm and Gothenburg. Concentrations of long chain peruorinated carboxylic acids and peruorohexane sulfonate increased in human milk from Stockholm over the entire monitoring period, while for others PFASs, such as peruorooctane sulfonate, concentrations have decreased signicantly over the last 10 years. These changes probably reect increased manufacturing/use for some PFASs, and international phase-out initiatives and regulation for others. Transformation of PFAA-precursors and/or differences in half-lives may also play a role in inuencing the observed trends for some PFASs. Given infants' sensitive developmental stage, the occurrence of PFASs in breastmilk is a concern, in particular for those substances displaying increasing time trends over the last decade.

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“…Since the POP levels were meant to be compared with the Belgian results of the WHO human milk surveys from 1987–1988, 1992–1993, 2000–2003 and 2005–2006 [10], the selected mothers had to meet the WHO inclusion criteria for age, parity and single birth and residence time of at least 5 years in the study area. However, because the recruitment turned out to be rather difficult, the selection criteria were broadened [11]. During a period of 14 months (May 2009 until end of June 2010), finally, a total of 84 mothers (30.6% of the selected mothers) participated in the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk from mothers residing in the rural areas in Flanders, using the CALUX bioassay and GC-HRMS

Croes

Colles

Koppen

et al. 2013

Talanta

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Since the CALUX (Chemically Activated LUciferase gene eXpression) bioassay is a fast and inexpensive tool for the determination of dioxin-like compounds in a large number of samples and requires only small sample volumes, the use of this technique in human biomonitoring programs provides a good alternative to GC-HRMS. In this study, a new CALUX method for the separate analysis of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) in small amounts of human milk samples with the new sensitive H1L7.5c1 cell line was used to analyze 84 human milk samples, collected from mothers residing in the Flemish rural communities. The geometric mean CALUX-Bioanalytical Equivalent (CALUX-BEQ) values, reported for the 84 mothers from the study area were 10.4 (95% CI: 9.4–11.4) pg CALUX-BEQ per g lipid or 0.41 (95% CI: 0.37–0.45) pg CALUX-BEQ per g milk for the PCDD/Fs and 1.73 (1.57–1.91) pg CALUX-BEQ per g lipid or 0.07 (95% CI: 0.06–0.08) pg CALUX-BEQ per g milk for the dioxin-like PCBs. Multiple regression analysis showed significant associations between PCDD/Fs and weight change after pregnancy, smoking and consumption of local eggs. One pooled human milk sample was analyzed with both CALUX and GC-HRMS. The ratio of CALUX and GC-HRMS results for this sample were respectively 1.60, 0.58 and 1.23 for the PCDD/Fs, the dl-PCBs and the sum of both fractions, when using the 2005-TEF values. Additionally, also low levels of certain brominated dioxins and furans were detected in the pooled sample with GC-HRMS.

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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: A biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium)

Cited by 102 publications

References 30 publications

Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites are associated with demographic and behavioral factors in children and mothers

Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites are associated with demographic and behavioral factors in children and mothers

Inter-individual, inter-city, and temporal trends of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Swedish mothers between 1972 and 2016

Determination of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk from mothers residing in the rural areas in Flanders, using the CALUX bioassay and GC-HRMS

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