“…lesions, pharmacological, chemogenetic and optogenetic) consistently and robustly implicate the VP in a variety of forms of relapse to seeking a variety of drugs of abuse, including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, remifentanil and natural reinforcers such as sucrose and food (e.g. Mahler et al, 2014; Mohammadkhani, James, Pantazis, & Aston‐Jones, 2020; Perry & McNally, 2013; Rogers, Ghee, & See, 2008; Smith & Berridge, 2005; Tang, McFarland, Cagle, & Kalivas, 2005). Indeed, the role of the VP in different forms of relapse to seeking a variety of drugs of abuse is so robust that the VP was proposed as key component of a “final common pathway” for relapse (Kalivas & Volkow, 2005) (Figure 1a).…”