Persistent babesiosis in a <scp>R</scp>hesus macaque (<i><scp>M</scp>acaca mulatta</i>) infected with a simian–human immunodeficiency virus

Zlobec, Inti; Gill, Amy F.; Holman, Patricia J.; Didier, Peter J.; Blanchard, James; Veazey, Ronald S.; Lackner, Andrew A.

doi:10.1111/jmp.12105

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Overview. Babesia , which is an intra-erythrocytic parasite transmitted by ticks in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised monkeys 198 . Although the tick, vector of Babesia spp., is not observed in the laboratory setting, latent infection can be caused by exposure to ticks outside breeding colonies.…”

Section: Parasitic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Babesia infections are generally latent and not clinically apparent. Recurrence can occur when animals are immunocompromised or have undergone splenectomy 198 , 201 , 202 . Anemia, parasites in red blood cells, and splenomegaly are observed in animals with clinically apparent babesiosis 198 , 202 .…”

Section: Parasitic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recurrence can occur when animals are immunocompromised or have undergone splenectomy 198 , 201 , 202 . Anemia, parasites in red blood cells, and splenomegaly are observed in animals with clinically apparent babesiosis 198 , 202 . In contrast to the malaria-causing Plasmodium , this organism does not produce pigments (hemozoin) in the affected red blood cells 202 .…”

Section: Parasitic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathologic characteristics of infectious diseases in macaque monkeys used in biomedical and toxicologic studies

Ohta

2023

J Toxicol Pathol

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Nonhuman primates (NHPs), which have many advantages in scientific research and are often the only relevant animals to use in assessing the safety profiles and biological or pharmacological effects of drug candidates, including biologics. In scientific or developmental experiments, the immune systems of animals can be spontaneously compromised possibly due to background infection, experimental procedure-associated stress, poor physical condition, or intended or unintended mechanisms of action of test articles. Under these circumstances, background, incidental, or opportunistic infections can seriously can significantly complicate the interpretation of research results and findings and consequently affect experimental conclusions. Pathologists and toxicologists must understand the clinical manifestations and pathologic features of infectious diseases and the effects of these diseases on animal physiology and experimental results in addition to the spectrum of infectious diseases in healthy NHP colonies. This review provides an overview of the clinical and pathologic characteristics of common viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infectious diseases in NHPs, especially macaque monkeys, as well as methods for definitive diagnosis of these diseases. Opportunistic infections that can occur in the laboratory setting have also been addressed in this review with examples of cases of infection disease manifestation that was observed or influenced during safety assessment studies or under experimental conditions.

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Section: Parasitic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parasitic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parasitic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathologic characteristics of infectious diseases in macaque monkeys used in biomedical and toxicologic studies

Ohta

2023

J Toxicol Pathol

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“…'Spanish dog, ' B. microti-like parasite and Theileria annae [17,18]; to date, however, there is no consensus on the species name. In addition, parasites genetically similar to B. microti that have been identified in other hosts, including humans, are invariably referred to as B. microti-like parasites [19,20]. In South Korea, B. microti-like parasites have been detected in asymptomatic raccoon dogs, water deer and Eurasian badgers [14,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary analysis of Babesia vulpes and Babesia microti-like parasites

et al. 2022

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Background The Babesia microti-like parasite is an emerging tick-borne piroplasm that has been detected in a range of hosts worldwide. Babesia vulpes, which is found in dogs and foxes, has been reclassified from B. microti-like parasites. The relationships among these B. microti-like parasites and B. vulpes with respect to host range and geographical origin have not been elucidated. Methods Blood samples were collected from 27 raccoon dogs in South Korea and used to screen for B. microti-like parasites based on a PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia. For comparative purposes, in addition to 18S rRNA sequences from nine raccoon dogs, we also analyzed 18S rRNA sequences from B. microti-like parasites infecting hosts in different geographical regions worldwide obtained from the GenBank database, giving 123 sequences in total. The genetic variation and evolutionary relationships among these sequences were examined based on analyses using DnaSP, MEGA, Arlequine, and BEAST software. Results Babesia microti-like parasites were identified in nine raccoon dogs and found to be related to B. vulpes obtained from Spanish dogs. Among the 123 sequences from 14 countries and various hosts, we identified 43 haplotypes with high genetic variance. Based on the genetic variance and phylogenetic analyses, we established that the B. microti-like parasites isolated in different geographical regions and from hosts belonging to five orders showed higher among-population variation than within-population variation. Babesia vulpes parasites infecting carnivore hosts, including raccoon dogs, foxes, skunks and dogs, appear to be genetically distinct from B. microti-like parasites infecting hosts belonging to the other orders. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the genetic variation and evolutionary relationships among 18S rRNA sequences obtained from blood samples collected from various hosts and different geographical regions. Babesia vulpes was identified from raccoon dogs in South Korea. In addition, higher genetic variations were observed among populations of different hosts and geographical origins and, in particular, low connectivity was observed among host populations in the order Carnivora and those in other orders. These results suggest the B. vulpes, a piroplasmid species pathogenic in domestic dogs and wild canines, is genetically and evolutionarily different from B. microti-like parasites. Graphical Abstract

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“…Hyporexia (decreased food intake) and anorexia (no food intake) have been associated with a wide variety of diseases 1 . Causes of hyporexia include, but are not limited to, depressive behavior, 2 stress from room movement and ketamine sedation, 3 social status, 4 emerging social instability, 5 dehydration, 6 pain, research manipulations such as infection with filovirus, 7 babesiosis, 8 measles, 9 drug administration, 10 and acute infectious diseases like shigellosis 11 . Chronic clinical diseases such as ileocolic adenocarcinomas, 12 endometriosis, 13 and fatal fasting syndrome 14 have also been reported to cause hypo‐ or anorexia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of transdermal mirtazapine on hyporexic rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)

Mendoza¹,

Stockinger²,

Cukrov³

et al. 2021

J of Medical Primatology

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Background Hyporexia and weight loss are important indicators of physical and psychological well‐being in macaque colonies. An FDA‐approved transdermal formulated Mirtazapine (MTZ) shows effectiveness in managing feline hyporexia. This study sought to determine its effectiveness as an appetite stimulant in macaques. Methods Fourteen macaques with idiopathic hyporexia, intractable to conventional management were treated with transdermal MTZ (0.5 mg/kg) topically administered to aural pinnae once daily for 14 days. Qualitative food consumption was monitored daily for 6 months. Body weights were collected prior to treatment, every 2 weeks for the first 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 6 months post‐treatment. Results Transdermal MTZ significantly reduced the frequency of hyporexia during treatment and monthly for 6 months. No significant increase in weight noted until approximately 6 months post‐treatment. Conclusions Results from this study indicate that a short course of transdermal MTZ is an effective way to increase food consumption in macaques chronically.

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Persistent babesiosis in a Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) infected with a simian–human immunodeficiency virus

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Pathologic characteristics of infectious diseases in macaque monkeys used in biomedical and toxicologic studies

Pathologic characteristics of infectious diseases in macaque monkeys used in biomedical and toxicologic studies

Evolutionary analysis of Babesia vulpes and Babesia microti-like parasites

Effects of transdermal mirtazapine on hyporexic rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)

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