Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 colonization and high expression of inflammatory factors in cardiac tissue 6 months after COVID-19 recovery: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in myocardial autopsy tissues has been observed in certain individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the duration of cardiac involvement remains uncertain among recovered COVID-19 patients. Our study aims to evaluate the long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 within cardiac tissue. Methods We prospectively and consecutively evaluated the patients undergoing mitral valve replacement (MVR) and left atrial (LA) volume reduction surgery from May 25 to June 10, 2023 at our center, who had been approximately 6 months of recovery after Omicron wave. Patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 upon admission were excluded. The surgical LA tissue was collected in RNA preservation solution and stored at −80 ℃ immediately. Then SARS-CoV-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) RNA expression in LA tissues were assessed through thrice-repeated reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses. Categorical variables were assessed using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, and continuous variables was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results Nine of 41 patients were enrolled, all of whom tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 upon admission (two antigen and PCR tests). In four of nine patients, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in their LA tissue, indicating viral colonization. Among the four positive cases, the IL-6 and IL-1β relative expression levels in the LA tissue of one patient were increased approximately 55- and 110-fold, respectively, compared to those of SARS-CoV-2 (−) patients. Increased expression of IL-6 and IL-1β were observed in the myocardium of this patient. Another patient demonstrated a remarkable 7-fold increase in both IL-6 and IL-1β expression, surpassing that of SARS-CoV-2 (−) patients. Additionally, no other cardiac inflammation-related diseases or conditions were presented in these two patients. The IL-6 and IL-1β expression levels of the remaining two patients were not significantly different from those of SARS-CoV-2 (−) patients. The relative expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in cardiac tissues of all SARS-CoV-2 (−) patients were relatively low. Interestingly, despite abnormally elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-1β within their cardiac tissue, two patients did not show a significant increase in serum IL-6 and IL-1β levels when compared to other patients. Conclusions Our research suggests that certain COVID-19-recovered patients have persistent colonization of SARS-CoV-2 in their cardiac tissue, accompanied by a local increase in inflammatory factors.