“…There are several drugs in advanced stages of clinical development including bulevirtide, JNJ-6379, ABI-H0731, ARO-HBV, and REP-2139, in which expectations indicate that combination therapies of antivirals and immune modulators achieve the maximum benefits of treatment ( Soriano et al, 2020 ). Saudi Arabia is one of the endemic countries with HBV infection in the Middle East ( AlAteeq et al, 2022 ), since 1989, it has implemented a mandatory vaccination program for HBV immunization ( Table 2 ), which has shown significant efficacy in declining cases over the past 20 years ( Ahmad et al, 2022 ).…”