Persistence of bacteria during development in flies

Rădvan, R.

doi:10.1007/bf02931776

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“… Tebbutt (1912) showed variable, low abundance carryover of pathogenic bacteria from larvae to emerged adult flies. Similarly, Radvan (1960) showed survival of pathogenic bacteria to house fly pupal stages but no significant transstadial carriage to adults. Greenberg (1959) showed that persistence of pathogens across house fly life history was species specific, at least for Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Associations Across House Fly Life History: Evidence for Transstadial Carriage From Managed Manure

Zurek¹,

Nayduch²

2016

J Insect Sci

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House flies (Diptera: Muscidae; Musca domestica L.) associate with microbe-rich substrates throughout life history. Because larvae utilize bacteria as a food source, most taxa present in the larval substrate, e.g., manure, are digested or degraded. However, some species survive and are present as third-instar larvae begin pupation. During metamorphosis, many bacteria are again lost during histolysis of the larval gut and subsequent remodeling to produce the gut of the imago. It has been previously demonstrated that some bacterial species survive metamorphosis, being left behind in the puparium, present on the body surface, or in the gut of the emerged adult. We used a combined culture-molecular approach to identify viable microbes from managed manure residue and a wild population of house fly larvae, pupae, puparia, and adults to assess transstadial carriage. All larval (10/10), pupal (10/10), and puparial (10/10) cultures were positive for bacteria. Several bacterial species that were present in larvae also were present either in pupae or puparia. Four viable bacterial species were detectable in 6 of 10 imagoes reared from manure. Of note is the apparent transstadial carriage of Bacillus sonorensis, which has been associated with milk spoilage at dairies, and Alcaligenes faecalis, which can harbor numerous antibiotic resistance genes on farms. The potential of newly emerged flies to harbor and disseminate bacteria from managed manure on farms is an understudied risk that deserves further evaluation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Associations Across House Fly Life History: Evidence for Transstadial Carriage From Managed Manure

Zurek¹,

Nayduch²

2016

J Insect Sci

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“…This is in agreement with early studies performed by Radvan [ 55 ] who determined that some bacteria including Bacillus anthracis, B. subtilis, Shigella sonnei, and non-pathogenic E. coli were mainly located on the surface of recently emerged flies. This is probably due to the release of the intestinal content of the larvae into the pupal cavity, one of the changes that take place while the larvae re-organizes into an adult house fly [ 43 , 56 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ingested Salmonella enterica, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes: transmission dynamics from adult house flies to their eggs and first filial (F1) generation adults

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe mechanical transmission of pathogenic bacteria by synanthropic filth flies is widely recognized. While many studies report the fate and the temporospatial distribution of ingested foodborne bacteria by filth flies, there is little evidence about the transmission dynamics of ingested foodborne bacteria by adult house flies (Musca domestica) to their progeny. In this study, we fed parental house fly adults with food contaminated with low, medium, and high concentrations of Salmonella enterica, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes and evaluated the probability of transmission of these pathogens to house fly eggs and the surface and the alimentary canal of their first filial (F1) generation adults.ResultsAll foodborne pathogens were present in samples containing pooled house fly eggs. The probability of transmission was higher after parental house flies ingested food containing medium bacterial loads. Cronobacter sakazakii was 16, 6, and 3 times more likely to be transmitted to house fly eggs than S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Only S. enterica and C. sakazakii were transmitted to F1 generation adults and their presence was 2.4 times more likely on their body surfaces than in their alimentary canals. The highest probabilities of finding S. enterica (60 %) and C. sakazakii (28 %) on newly emerged F1 adults were observed after parental house flies ingested food containing medium and high levels of these pathogens, respectively.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that adult house flies that fed from food contaminated with various levels of foodborne bacteria were able to transmit those pathogens to their eggs and some were further transmitted to newly emerged F1 generation adults, enhancing the vector potential of these insects. Understanding the type of associations that synanthropic filth flies establish with foodborne pathogens will help to elucidate transmission mechanisms and possible ways to mitigate the spread of foodborne pathogens.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0478-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Females may lay up to 700 eggs in a lifetime and there may be 6 to 10 or more generations per year (James, 1947). The typical muscoid adult has been demonstrated to transmit pathogens on the sponging mouthparts, through vomitus, on body and leg hairs, on the sticky pads of the feet, and through the intesti-nal tract (Radvan, 1960). It has been demonstrated that the microorganisms on a fly's body are disseminated by direct contact Sramova et al, 1992;Richards et al, 1961;Paraluppi et al, 1996;Greenberg, 1964;Echeverria et al, 1983;De Capito, 1963;Bolanos, 1959;Akinbode et al, 1989;Khin et al, 1989), in fly feces (Greenberg et al, 1970), and through the air for short distances from insectelectrocuting traps (Pickens, 1989;Broce, 1993;Tesch and Goodman, 1995;Ananth et al, 1992).…”

Section: The Fly As a Carrier Of Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory Action Criteria for Filth and Other Extraneous Materials

Olsen

1998

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Forty-seven species of flies have been reliably associated with filthy conditions that might allow the spread of foodborne pathogens. These are categorized as "filth flies." Of that 47, only 21 species represent a potential threat to human health as scientifically proven causative agents of foodborne myiasis or as carriers of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and other foodborne pathogens. These 21 species are categorized as "disease-causing flies" based on strict scientific criteria. The criteria are association with E. coli, Salmonella, AND Shigella; synanthropy; endophily; communicative behavior; attraction to both excrement and food products; and recognition by authorities as a potential health hazard. Within Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point and other U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory frameworks, disease-causing flies are contributing factors to the spread of foodborne disease that require preventive and corrective actions as appropriate under Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures, Good Manufacturing Practices, or pest control programs.

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Persistence of bacteria during development in flies

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Bacterial Associations Across House Fly Life History: Evidence for Transstadial Carriage From Managed Manure

Bacterial Associations Across House Fly Life History: Evidence for Transstadial Carriage From Managed Manure

Ingested Salmonella enterica, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes: transmission dynamics from adult house flies to their eggs and first filial (F1) generation adults

Regulatory Action Criteria for Filth and Other Extraneous Materials

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