Persistence of 14C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22years

Jablonowski, Nicolai David; Köppchen, Stephan; Hofmann, Diana; Schäffer, Andreas; Burauel, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.004

Cited by 100 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…For example, atrazine, simazine and oxadixyl have all been withdrawn from use in the EU for some years yet continue to be routinely detected in groundwater. For atrazine there is long-established evidence that it may be very persistent under conditions of limited oxygen (Papiernik andSpalding 1998, Schwab et al 2006) and in the unsaturated zone below the soil zone where remobilisation is possible (Kruger et al 1993, Jablonowski et al 2009). For oxadixyl the soil half-life is currently commonly given as 60 to 90 days (Wightwick et al 2010).…”

Section: Controls and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent and emerging micro-organic contaminants in Chalk groundwater of England and France

Lapworth

Baran

Stuart

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

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Section: Controls and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent and emerging micro-organic contaminants in Chalk groundwater of England and France

Lapworth

Baran

Stuart

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

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“…According to Gong [16], fl uorescence detection enables to detect pesticides at 1.2 ng/g level. The lowest value of LOD (0.188 ng/g) was obtained by means of LC -MS/MS by Jablonowski [20]. Gas chromatography with nitrogen -phosphorus detector provides limit of detection around 0.005 mg/L [35], 1.5 ng/g -2 ng/g [3,5,9,15,32] while with mass detector 0.3 μg/L, 4 ng/g -8,3 ng/g [ 9,23,24,25,33,36].…”

Section: Archives Of Environmental Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Selected Insecticides and Atrazine in Soil by Mae–GC–ECD

Barchańska¹,

Czalicka²,

Giemza³

2013

Archives of Environmental Protection

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Abstract:The procedure for simultaneous extraction from soil and determination by means of GC-ECD insecticides: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and herbicide: atrazine was worked out. The proposed GC-ECD technique provides limits of detection in range 12 μg/mL -18 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, for insecticides and atrazine, respectively. Two different types of extraction: microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) with different solvents were tested to choose the procedure that provides the highest recoveries of analytes and low detection limits, typical for trace analysis (100 ppm or 100 mg/g, IUPAC). On the basis of recoveries and precision both extraction methods were compared. The insecticides recovery from soil samples obtained by UAE were in range 40-85%, coeffi cient of variation (CV): 1.3-5.0%, whereas for atrazine recovery was below 15% (CV: 8-18%). The most effi cient and precise extraction procedure turned out to be MAE with n-hexane: acetone. The recoveries were in range 70-85% for insecticides and 84% for atrazine, CV: 0.4-2.2% and 5.3% for insecticides and atrazine, respectively. The presented MAE-GC-ECD procedure enables extraction and determination of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and atrazine in soil samples with high recoveries, precision and limits of detections in range 6 ng/g -8 ng/g in the case of insecticides and 1.5 ng/g for atrazine.The MAE-GC-ECD procedure was applied for the above mentioned pesticides determination in environmental samples. Soils were collected in agricultural as well as rural areas in Poland. In all cases atrazine was determined in concentration range: 0.0187 mg/g -0.1107 mg/g. Aldrin and dieldrin was detected in soil samples from two locations.

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“…Atrazine has a reported half-life of 45 to 60 d in soils of the Midwestern U.S. 37 In a study of persistence of atrazine in soil using lysimeters, ring-14 C-labeled atrazine was still detectable 22 years after the last application. 47 In another study, 13% to 43% of atrazine spiked into two sediments became unextractable after 2 years by the use of aqueous solutions containing methanol. 48 We therefore propose that, upon entering lakes with river inflows or via atmospheric deposition, contaminated particles may settle to the lake bed before losing much of the Figure 5.…”

Section: Identification and Quantification Of Analytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

Guo

Ranasinghe

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Surface grab and core sediment samples were collected from Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Huron from 2010 to 2012, and concentrations of herbicides atrazine, simazine, and alachlor, as well as desethylatrazine (DEA), were determined. Concentrations of atrazine in surface grabs ranged from 0.01 to 1.7 ng/g dry weight and are significantly higher in the southern basin of Lake Michigan (latitude <44°) than other parts of the three lakes. The highest concentration of alachlor was found in sediments of Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron. The inventory and net fluxes of these herbicides were found to decline exponentially from the south to the north. The concentration ratio of DEA to atrazine (DEA/ATZ) increased with latitude, suggesting degradation of atrazine to DEA during atmospheric transport. DEA/ATZ also increased with sediment depth in the sediment cores. Diffusion of deposited herbicides from the upper sediment into deeper sediments has occurred, on the basis of the observed patterns of concentrations in dated sediment cores. Concentrations of atrazine in pore water were estimated and were higher than those reported for the bulk waters, suggesting the occurrence of solid-phase deposition of atrazine through the water column and that contaminated sediments act as a source releasing atrazine to the overlying water. ■ INTRODUCTIONCurrent agricultural practices often involve extensive use of herbicides. 1 Atrazine [1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine], simazine [6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], and alachlor [2-chloro-2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] are among those used in the United States. Atrazine and simazine are both triazines and were initially registered as herbicides in 1958 and 1956, respectively. 2,3 Alachlor, a chloroacetanilide, was first registered in 1969. 4 From 1992 to 2011, reported annual usages on crops were 32 000−36 000 tons for atrazine, 1814−2722 tons for simazine, and 454−22 680 tons for alachlor. 5 These herbicides are primarily used in the "Corn Belt" near the Great Lakes of North America, including the states of Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana and parts of others. 1,5 Their use has been banned by the European Union because of ubiquitous and unpreventable water contamination. Atrazine is classified as a Restricted Use Pesticide in the United States. 6 According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), atrazine is an endocrine disruptor, 6 simazine may have reproductive or developmental toxicity, 7 and alachlor was classified as a "likely" human carcinogen at high dose. 4 Compared with organochlorine pesticides, atrazine and related compounds are more soluble in water. A major concern is their potential to leach from soils to surface and ground waters that are used as sources of drinking water; 3 thus, most monitoring efforts to date have been conducted for water. Atrazine was found in waters of all five Laurentian Great Lakes. 8−10 In rivers of the Midwestern U.S., elevated concentrations of atrazine, simazine, and alachlor were fou...

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Persistence of 14C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22years

Cited by 100 publications

References 45 publications

Persistent and emerging micro-organic contaminants in Chalk groundwater of England and France

Persistent and emerging micro-organic contaminants in Chalk groundwater of England and France

Simultaneous Determination of Selected Insecticides and Atrazine in Soil by Mae–GC–ECD

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

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