Persian Language in Arabic Script: The Formation of the Orthographic Standard and the Different Graphic Traditions of Iran in the First Centuries of the Islamic Era

Borrowings Kṣuta-/kṣut- (“Inimical”) and Vidumāla- (“Retrograde”) in Sanskrit Astrological Texts, and the Representation of Semiticʿayn in Similar Loans

“…However, if Samarasiṃha had originally written the relevant word with an anusvāra (i.e., **kṣuṃtākhyāḥ), the pāda would have become unmetrical, as the sequence (..)uṃt(…) would have produced a new heavy syllable, thus counting as two morae instead of one (making the whole add up to 16 instead of 15). 8 Thus, we must presuppose that Samarasiṃha "received" (or at least chose to write) the word without anusvāra, suggesting that this word, at least, has an earlier history in Sanskrit writing -interesting, as Samarasiṃha was the earliest major Sanskrit author of Tājika, and mentioned as the translator of Perso-Arabic works into Sanskrit by Balabhadra. 9 One should not discount the possibility that the earlier Sanskritization with a subsequently lost anusvāra was by Samarasiṃha himself (or some bilingual person close to him), before he actually wrote the quoted passage.…”