Perpetuation of Stigmatization of Minority Groups through Convergence of Content on Streaming and Social Media

Abstract

<p class="Default"><strong><span>Introduction: </span></strong><span>This study aims to show the misrepresentation of minority groups, specifically widowed women (hereinafter referred to as <em>janda</em>) in the era of convergence of media content (television as well as streaming and social media) in Indonesia. Media as the fourth pillar of democracy are supposed to inform and represent everything in a balanced and fair manner, instead of favoring the interests of the majority. The question we attempt to answer is: how the misrepresentation of <em>janda</em> on converged media content (FTVs) in a patriarchal society?<strong></strong></span></p><p class="Default"><strong><span>Methods: </span></strong><span>This study applied feminist perspective in media convergence as well as the narrative analysis of Chatman.<strong></strong></span></p><p class="Default"><strong><span>Findings: </span></strong><span>In general, the results of the study show that the convergence has not been in favor of <em>janda</em>, indicating that internet technology does not only strengthen the gender-biased values of media industry person in massively distributing FTVs (via streaming and social media) that threaten minorities, but also ignores the opposing feedback from netizens. As a result, the minority groups are increasingly muted. Reproduction of labelling of <em>janda</em> is a strategy of media owners to obtain maximum profits.<strong></strong></span></p><strong><span>Originality: </span></strong><span>We noted many studies on <em>janda</em> conducted from various scientific perspectives. However, studies that observe the depiction of <em>janda</em> in the media convergence in the perspective of communication studies are scarce. This study provides a discussion on the representation of <em>janda</em> in the vortex of capitalism in media convergence as the major novelty in this line of study.</span>

Literacy and Self Regulation to Overcome Social Media Addiction in Z Generation

“…Information literacy is becoming ubiquitous within the school library community of practitioners and researchers (Setiawan et al, 2022). However, the majority of grade-level or subject-area educators already have an intuitive sense of literacy, which becomes confused when material is added.…”

“…The use of social media has increased rapidly over the last few years (Çiçek, 2018). According to data collected by a digital media company from the UK We are Social in collaboration with a social media management company, Hootsuite obtained data that in January 2022 Indonesia had a total population of 268.2 million people and 150 million of them were active users of social media (Setiawan et al, 2022). The Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers (2018), found data on internet users in Indonesia reaching 171.17 million people out of the total 91 population of Indonesia at that time.…”

Religious Moderation: An Analysis of Understanding, Internet and Social Media Exposure and Social Interaction Systems

“…These findings reinforce the notion that the internet is a new media that unites all the characteristics of the media from the previous form, what distinguishes the forms of communication from one another is not the actual implementation but changes in the communication process such as communication speed, communication price, perceptions of the communicating parties, storage capacity and facilities to access information, the amount of functionality or intelligence that can be transferred (Briandana & Dwityas, 2019). As convergence media, the internet and social media have enormous power to influence society because they provide many benefits, reach a wide audience with rapid information dissemination (Özkent, 2022) and the assumption that the use of social media is freedom to access and disseminate information has the potential to persist (Setiawan et al, 2022). The internet and social media are also used to assess public opinion to gain acceptance including by utilizing religious populism (Kansong et al, 2022).…”

Perception towards Media Portrayals of Janda in Malaysia

“…The result suggests that women perceive that portrayals of janda in Malaysian media were more negative compared to men. Since there are more societal expectations placed on women than men regardless of their marital status (Parker, 2016;Setiawan et al, 2022), it is possible that female respondents perceive more negative portrayals whereas men are more oblivious to them. In fact, some men fail to register that jandas are portrayed in a negative light since they are viewed as entertainment (Yusuf, 2020;Sendrataria et al, 2022).…”

“…Although empirical studies on the ways in which the Malaysian media portrays a janda is scarce, there are a number of studies that have been conducted in Indonesia, a country that has many cultural similarities with Malaysia (Suharnomo & Hashim, 2019). In Indonesian media, a janda is portrayed in such a negative light, but a duda (a male who was previously married) is portrayed as a respectable human being in the society (Setiawan et al, 2022). In addition to that, 'Rangda', a very famous classic Balinese (an island in Indonesia) tale portrays a janda in such a horrific manner: as a frightening widow who is the embodiment of an evil witch (Nadeau, 2020).…”