Perovskite Solar Cells: Can We Go Organic‐Free, Lead‐Free, and Dopant‐Free?

Abstract

Having demonstrated incredibly fast progress in power conversion efficiency, rising to a level comparable with that of crystalline silicon cells, lead‐based organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells are now facing the stability tests needed for industrialization. Poor thermal stability (<150 °C) owing to organic constituents and interlayer diffusion of materials (dopants), and environmental incompatibility due to Pb has surged the development of organic‐free, Pb‐free perovskites and dopant‐free hole transport materials (HTMs). The recent rapid increase in efficiency of cells based on inorganic perovskites, crossing 18%, demonstrates the great potential of inorganic perovskites as thermally stable and high‐efficiency cells. Although all kinds of Pb‐free perovskites lag in efficiency in comparison to the hybrid and inorganic perovskites, they also demonstrate better structural and environmental stability. The performance of dopant‐free HTMs matching/surpassing dopant‐containing HTMs makes the former a better choice for stability. Even though the efforts to enhance the stability of Pb‐based hybrid perovskites should continue by different techniques, organic‐free and lead‐free perovskites, and dopant‐free HTMs must be pursued with greater interest for the future. This review describes the present issues and possible strategies to address them, and thus will help to improve the overall performance of robust organic‐free, Pb‐free, and dopant‐free perovskite solar cells.

Indoor application of emerging photovoltaics—progress, challenges and perspectives

“…AgBiS 2 -based) 110 are more desirable than their lead-based counterparts for low light applications. 46,111 It should be noted, however, that lead-free PV devices typically possess lower performances and therefore still require substantial further development. To mitigate this issue, Li et al 112 developed an on-device lead sequestration strategy based on leadbased PPVs to effectively prevent the leakage of lead in order to minimise their ecotoxicity (Fig.…”

Chemically Stable Black Phase CsPbI3 Inorganic Perovskites for High‐Efficiency Photovoltaics

“…[ 15–20 ] The recent rapid progress of inorganic PSCs also demonstrated the great potential of inorganic perovskites as one of the most promising candidates for thermodynamically stable and high‐efficiency PSCs. [ 21 ] Among these inorganic perovskites, CsPbI 3 inorganic perovskite with the suitable bandgap of ≈1.7 eV is most promising for both high‐efficiency single‐junction perovskite photovoltaic (PV) and wide‐bandgap top‐cell tandem with other narrow‐bandgap commercialized solar cells, such as silicon and copper indium gallium diselenide solar cells. [ 22–25 ]…”

Dopant‐Free and Green‐Solvent‐Processable Hole‐Transporting Materials for Highly Efficient Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) [ 1–5 ] have attracted extensive attention due to their rapid progress during last decade. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of >24% [ 6 ] have been achieved from the initial one of 3.8%, [ 7 ] and two classical structures of PSCs have been developed, namely mesoporous structure [ 8–10 ] and planar structure.…”